Additional vocabulary

Planar construction	планарная конструкция
Frame construction	каркасная конструкция
Mass construction	монолитная конструкция

Task 7. Look at these diagrams and say which paragraph discusses:

Planer construction Frame construction Mass construction

Task 8. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make a plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.

Task 9. Find Russian equivalents to the following:

to possess, to differ, to be taken into account, naturally growing materials; to decay, high heat insulation and fire-resistance, durability fire- and decay-resistance, to support the loads on a building, to divide the space in a building, to be put together, to have the property of high compressive strength, to act as both space-dividers and structural support, high tensile and compressive strength, framed structures, safe, the interior, to suit the requirements, the exterior, excesses.

Task 10. Find English equivalents to the following:

Строительные материалы, произрастать, расти; меняться в зависимости от чего-л., изменяться; отличаться, различаться, расходиться; рассматривать, листовой материал; жесткий, твердый; стержень, прут, брус, рейка; каркасная конструкция; рамная конструкция; фахверк, наполнять, наполняться; иметь, обладать; поддерживать, подпирать; нести нагрузку; делить, разделять; переделывать, превращать во (что-л.), удовлетворять требованиям, устраивать.

Task 11. Match the following words with their synonyms:

to use	to vary
to possess	quality
to differ	to turn to
property	to utilize
to be made into	quantity
amount	primary
basic	to have

Task 12. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words.

1. Materials (используемые) for construction purposes (имеют) different (свойства).

2. They (различаются) in (по сроку службы, прочности, огнеупорности, устойчивости против гниения and цене).

3. All building materials have their advantag­es and disadvantages that must be taken into account (при проектировании сооружений).

4. Wood (принадлежит) to naturally growing materials.

5. It is known to be (самый старый) construction material and is (все еще широко) used for different purposes.

6. One of the (преимуществ) of stone as a construction material is (хорошая изоляция)

7. Brick belongs to (искусственным строительным материалам).

8. Building materials are used to support (тяжесть) on a building and (разделять) the space in a building.

9. Building components (делают) from building materials and (форма строительных компонентов) is related to the way in which it is used.

10. We can see how this works (рассматривая) three different types of construction.

11. Heavy materials (соединенные вместе) can support (нагрузку на конструкцию) because they have the property of (высокой прочности при сжатии).

12. (Листовые материалы) are used to form walls which (служат) as both space-dividers and structural support.

13. Rod materials can be used (для поддержки здания) but not for dividing spaces.

14. Rod materials with (высоким пределом прочности на разрыв и высокой прочностью при сжатии) can be fixed together to form framed structures.

15. So, every building must be not only (практичным и надежным) but also beautiful in appearance and proportional in various parts.

16. The interior should be planned (чтобы отвечать требованиям) of the occupants while the exterior must be simple (без излишеств).

Task 13. Fill in the blanks with prepositions or adverbs where necessary:

in	up	widely	to	by	for
from	in	into	with	on	of

1. Materials used … construction purposes possess different properties.

2. They differ … durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance and cost.

3. Wood belongs …. naturally growing materials.

4. … modern times bricks vary … …. the method … production and temperature … burning.

5. Concrete is known to be produced … mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand … the proper amounts.

6. Building materials are used to support the loads … a building and they are used to divide the space … a building.

7. Building components are made … building materials and the form …. a component is related … the way … which it is used.

8. Walls made … … blocks both support the building and divide the space … the building.

9. Timber, concrete and some plastics can be made … large rigid sheets and fixed together to form a building.

10. Rod materials, … the other hand, can be used …. structural sup­port but not … dividing spaces.

11. Rod materials …. high tensile and compressive strength can be fixed together to form framed structures.

Task 14. Complete the following sentences:

1. Materials used for construction purposes possess … and they differ in…

2. ….. belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays.

3. Wood is known to be ….

4. Wood is popular as it has… besides, it grows….

5. But its usage … because of its disad­vantages: it easily….

6. Bricks vary wide­ly ….

7. Concrete is known to be produced by….

8. Building materials are used in two…. .

9. They are used … and ….

10. Building components are made …. and the form of a component is related …..

11. Blocks of materials such as … are put together to …

12. These materials are… however, they can support …. because they have ….

13. Walls made up of block both …..

14. Sheet materials are used to ….

15. …. can be made into large … and fixed together to form a building.

16. These buildings are …. than buildings made up….

17. Rod materials can be used …. but not…. .

18. …. can be formed into …. and used as columns.

19. Rod materials with … can be fixed together to form…..

20. The spaces between the rods can be ….. which act as … but do not support….

21. Every building must not only be …. but also …. and …

Task 15. Read the following statements and express your agreement or disagreement.

When you disagree give the correct information.

To express your agreement use such expressions as:

I think, that exactly so; How right you are; Speaking frankly, you are quite right; Exactly, just so; I quite agree with you/ I fully agree with you/ I cant agree more; That is my opinion too; That is very true; etc

To express your disagreement use such expressions as:

I am afraid you are wrong/mistaken/ not quite right; noting of the kind; it is unlikely; it is doubtful; I don’t think you are right; Well I think that’s not so; Are you sure?; That’s your opinion, not mine; I don’t believe that; etc

To give the correct information and to express your opinion use such expressions as:

I think/ suppose/ believe/ consider/ feel/ guess; In my opinion; From my point of view; Frankly speaking; as far as I understand; The matter/ the problem/ trouble is that; etc

1. Materials used for construction purposes differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance but they don’t differ in cost.

2. Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most popular building materials used nowadays and they don’t have any disadvantages.

3. Concrete belongs to naturally growing materials and it is known to be the oldest construction material but its usage is limited because it easily burns and decays.

4. Brick belongs to artificial construction materials and in modern times bricks vary wide­ly with the method of production and temperature of burning.

5. Plastics are known to be produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

6. Building materials are used only to support the loads on a building.

7. Blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete are put together both to support the building and to divide the space in the building.

8. Sheet materials are used to form solid walls which act as structural support.

9. Rod materials can be used for both dividing space and support­ing the building.

10. Concrete can be used as a block material, a sheet material and a rod material.

11. Steel is used for frame construction because it has high tensile strength and low compressive strength.

12. The sheet materials, which act as space dividers in a frame con­struction building, can be very light because they do not support structural loads.

Task 16. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as: I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see...; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let's put it this way...; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question. Let me see...

1. What groups can construction materials be divided into?

2. What are the advantages of wood, stone and metals?

3. What are the disadvantages of wood, stone and metals?

4. What are building materials used for?

5. What is the function of blocks of materials such as brick, stone, or concrete?

6. Why can these blocks support the structural loads?

7. What are sheet materials used for?

8. How do walls formed of sheet materials act?

9. What are the advantages of using this type of construction?

10. What are rod materials used for? Why can they be used to form framed structures?

11. Can the space between the rods support structural loads? And why?

12. What is planar construction?

13. What is frame construction?

14. What is mass construction?

Task 17. Explain in your own words the following expressions.

• High heat insulation

• Fire-resistance

• To make into

• Rigid sheets

• Blocks

Task 18. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about:

• Types of constructions.

Task 19. Speak on the following topics:

• The functions of different building components.

• Construction materials and their functions.

Task 20. Write an abstract of the chapter, express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.

Task 21. Translate the following sentences.

1. Известно, что материалы, используемые для строительных целей, обладают различными свойствами.

2. Все преимущества и недостатки строительных материалов должны приниматься во внимание при проектировании зданий.

3. Система кондиционирования воздуха сейчас устанавливается в нашем офисе.

4. Форма была заполнена цементом к концу первой смены.

5. Ничего не могло помешать ему построить новый дом.

6. Наши партнеры интересовались, не хотим ли мы спроектировать для них еще один объект.

7. Я хочу, чтобы вы в вашем проекте использовали преимущества каркасного строительства.

8. Они уже 2 недели рассчитывают смету внутренней отделки дома.

9. Мы настаивали на том, чтобы внешняя отделка дома отвечала требованиям заказчика.