4. Answer these questions:

1. Why is cost control applied at all stages of the building contract?

2. When does the architect give the client an approximate estimate?

3. What is the cost limit broken down into? Why?

4. What are specifications?

5. Who receives them?

6. What is the aim of cost control?

7. What is the final stage in cost control? What is the reason for doing this?

Task 20. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about:

• The problems civil engineers deal with.

Task 21. Speak on the following topics:

• Activities of civil engineers.

• The sequence of cost control

Task 22. Write a composition on the following topics.

1. Why I want to become a civil engineer.

2. Prospects of my future professions.

Task 23. Write an abstract of the chapter, express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.

Task 24. Translate the following sentences.

1. Считается, что тесное взаимодействие всех участников, вовлеченных в процесс строительства, жизненно необходимо.

2. Жаль, что вы не создали архитектурный проект, который отвечал бы как эстетическим, так и техническим требованиям.

3. Мы наблюдали, как рабочие монтировали каркас здания.

4. Они уже выполнили проектные работы по перестройке старого спортивного комплекса. Мы рассчитываем, что современные строительные и отделочные материалы будут использованы.

5. Мы не можем не использовать современные информационные технологии.

6. К тому времени, когда будет доставлен металлический каркас, они закончат сооружение фундамента.

7. К моменту начала строительных работ, вся проектно сметная документация была разработана.

8. Когда студенты приехали на стройку, выполнялись монтажные работы.

9. В следующем году я уже 3 года буду заниматься рабочим проектированием.

10. Если бы контроль за уровнем затрат производился должным образом, нам бы больше не пришлось брать денег в банке.

Part II Unit 1 Supplementary Texts

Ex.1 Can you choose the correct variant without consulting the text "Fundamentals of construction"? In case you fail to do it, revise the corresponding material.

A.

1. Much what we do takes place

1. indoors

2. outdoors

2. We need more light

1. by day than is provided by nature.

2. by night than is provided by nature.

3. Every construction serves as accommodation

1. for people and enterprises

2. for people, families, organizations and enterprises

4. Sporting facilities include

1. stadiums and swimming pools

2. stadiums, aqua parks, swimming pools, sporting complexes

5. The superstructure of a building is

1. its above-ground part

2. its below-ground part

6. The substructure of a building is

1. its below-ground part

2. its above-ground part

7. The foundation of a structure transmits its loads

1. into the lower strata of earth

2. into the upper stratum of earth

8	a) Organic structure of soil	must be removed from the building areas.
	b) Inorganic structure of soil

9 The upper stratum of earth is removed in order to guard the foundation

1. from rain and sun

2. from water and wind erosion

10. In the cold climatic zones foundations should be placed

1. below the level of freezing

2. above the level of freezing

11. Foundations should not be placed

1. on organic soils

2. on inorganic soils

12. Foundations keep the walls and the floors

1. from indirect contact with the soil

2. from direct contact with the soil

13. Sinking may cause

1. cracks in the walls

2. cracks in the roofs and the floors

14 Foundation design is

1. of little importance for constructions .

2. of primary importance for constructions.

15 For large (small) buildings foundation design is

1. rather simple

2. rather complex

16 Water, electricity, ventilation, and dispose of waste systems

1. form live loads

2. form dead loads

17. Live loads include the weights of

1. the people, the furnishings and equipment

2. water, electricity and ventilation systems

18. Shallow and deep foundations

1. differ in their cost

2. have the same cost

19. Shallow foundations are generally

1. more expensive than deep ones.

2. less expensive than deep ones.

20. Civil construction includes

1. industrial and precast concrete types of construction

2. industrial and military types of construction

B. Try to answer the following questions.

1. What are the three main parts of a building?

2. What accommodation and services do modern people need?

3. What sporting facilities are being constructed nowadays?

4. What are the two main types of loads?

5. What components does dead (live) load include?

6. What branches of civil engineering do you know?

Ex.2. Chose the title corresponding thematically to each of the given descriptions.

A.

Titles: Live Load; Wind Load; Foundation; Dead Load; Superstructure; Substructure; Foundation Bolts.

1. The part of a building that has the purpose of transmitting structural loads from the building into the earth.

2. A load of the building caused by wind pressure and/or suction.

3. Special bolts used for fixing structural members, etc. to concrete or stone foundations.

4. The weight of the building itself.

5. The above-ground part of a building.

6. The below-ground part of a building.

7. The weight of people, show, furnishings and machines in or on the building.

B.

Titles: Fixed Window; Single-hung Window; Double-hung Window; Sliding Window.

1. A window — with one fixed sash and another that moves horizontally in track.

2. Glass that is immovably mounted to a wall.

3. A window with two sashes. They both slide vertically in tracks.

4. A window with two overlapping sashes. The lower of them can slide vertically in tracks, and the upper one is fixed.

C.

Titles: Stud; Tile; Mason; Strong Clay; Structural Glass.

1. A clay free from other substances, such as sand, etc.

2. Glass units used for building non-bearing walls. Glass bricks.

3. One of a series of small closely spaced wall framing members. A heavy steel pin.

4. A fired clay product that is thin as compared to a brick. It may be a thin curved element used for roofing.

5. One who builds with bricks, stones.

D.

Titles: Concrete; Condensation; Conduction; Conductor; Facade; Glass; Conduit.

1. Building material that consists of white sand, soda, and chalk, which are mixed and melted at very high temperatures.

2. a) A channel or pipe to convey water, b) Steel used as a casing to electric cables or wires.

3. Moisture produced by humid atmosphere.

4. A material that easily transmits heat, electricity by conduction.

5. The front or face of a building.

6. The transmission of heat or sound from particle to particle of a body.

7. A mixture of lime or cement, sand, and some form of aggregate, such as broken stone or brick, shingle, etc. The selection of the aggregate de­pends on the requirements, such as strength, lightness, fire-resistance, etc. The addition of water causes chemical action to take place. The whole is well mixed together, so that the particles make a compact mass.

Ex.3 a). Read the article and find the answer to the following questions.

1. Why should flat roofs be avoided in areas with frequent rainfalls?

2. Which variable loads should be taken into account?

3. For what reasons are tall buildings not recommended in areas where winds and fogs are frequent?

4. What advantages can solar radiation bring?

5. For what reasons should local industries be controlled?