Additional vocabulary

civil construction	гражданское строительство
panel construction	панельное строительство
stage construction	поэтажное строительство
industrial construction	промышленное строительство
precast concrete construction	сборное (из бетона) строительство
turn-key construction	строительство «под ключ»
military construction	военное строительство

Task 10. Underline the sentences that best sum up the main idea of each part and use key words from them to make a plan of the text in order to retell it according to your plan.

Task 11. Find Russian equivalents to the following:

Precast concrete construction, turn-key construction, to provide; dispose of waste; sanitary accommodation, site plan; excavation, upper stratum of the soil, to be decom­posed, to guard against water and wind erosion, the superstructure, the substructure, permanent stability, to transfer the loads of a building into the soil, dead load; live load; shal­low foundation, deep foundations; facility; facilities.

Task 12 Find English equivalents to the following:

Гражданское строительство, потолок, панельное строительство, трещина, прямой; пол, этаж; причинять, включать в себя; опускаться, тонуть; поддерживать, держать; вес конструкции, собственный вес; динамический вес, рабочая нагрузка; почва; переносить, перемещать; охранять, защищать; пласт, слой; груз, тяжесть; выемка грунта; главный, основной; фундамент, основание; устройство, приспособление; удобство, возможность; средства, возможности, предметы оборудование; избавляться от, обеспечивать, удобство, поэтажное строительство.

Task 13. Replace the words in brackets with the corresponding English words.

1. They stayed (в помещении) (из-за) the rainy weather.

2. People build houses (так как) they need (убежище).

3. People's activity takes place both (в доме) and (на улице).

4. Sanitary accommodation and (избавление от отбросов) are provided by modern services.

5. Accommodations are (планируются заранее) and located on a site plan.

6. In order to have shelter (оснащенное) modern services and (удобствами), people all over the world use different types of construction such as (панельное строительство), stage construction,(сборное (из бетона) строительство), turn-key construction.

7. Construction of any building usually starts with (рытья котлована).

8. (Фундамент) of a building (никогда не следует размещать) on organic soils because soils of this kind are easily (разрушаться).

9. So, if (верхний слой) is organic, it must be removed from the construction area (чтобы защитить фундамент здания от) water and wind erosion.

10. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed (ниже уровня) to which the ground freezes in winter.

11. Foundations keep the (стены и пол) from contact with the (почва).

12. They guard the walls and the floors against the ac­tion of the weather- rain, snow, and wind.

13. (Осадка) that may cause (трещины) in the walls.

14. Foundation design may be both (весьма сложным) and (весьма простым).

15. The foundation (поддерживает) both dead loads and (динамический вес) of buildings.

16. The dead load of a building (включает в себя) the (вес) of electrical and mechanical equipment.

17. (Фундамент мелкого заложения) transfers the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure.

18. (Фундамент глубокого заложения) transfers the load at a point far below the substructure.

Task 14 Complete the following sentences:

1. We build because….

2. Modern people also need …..

3. …. must provide energy, water, communica­tions, and dispose of waste.

4. It is important to note that …. are pre-planned and located….

5. … must be prepared and pro­vided for every … and every….

6. Construction of any building usually starts…..

7. Excavation is a process …..

8. The foundation of a building should nev­er be placed ….

9. So, if the upper stratum of soil is organic, it …. from the construction area in order to guard the foundation of the building…. .

10. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be ….

11. Modern buildings have three major parts. These are ….

12. .It is a well-known fact that every building needs…. .

13. The function of a foundation is ….

14. Foundations guard the walls and the floors against ….

15. Foundation may support…..

16. The dead load of a building includes the weights of ….

17. The live load includes ….

18. There exist two basic types of foundations….

19. Shal­low foundations transfer ….

20. Deep foundations transfer ….

Task 15. Read the following statements and express your agreement or disagreement.

When you disagree give the correct information.

To express your agreement use such expressions as:

I think, that exactly so; How right you are; Speaking frankly, you are quite right; Exactly, just so; I quite agree with you/ I fully agree with you/ I cant agree more; That is my opinion too; That is very true; etc

To express your disagreement use such expressions as:

I am afraid you are wrong/mistaken/ not quite right; noting of the kind; it is unlikely; it is doubtful; I don’t think you are right; Well I think that’s not so; Are you sure?; That’s your opinion, not mine; I don’t believe that; etc

To give the correct information and to express your opinion use such expressions as:

I think/ suppose/ believe/ consider/ feel/ guess; in my opinion; from my point of view; Frankly speaking; as far as I understand; the matter/ the problem/ trouble is that; etc

1. It is a well-known fact that modern people don’t need shelter and services.

2. Modern services must provide only sanitary accommodation.

3. It is important to note that all services and accommodations are pre-planned and located on a site plan.

4. It isn’t necessary to prepare and to pro­vide a site plan for every building and every construction.

5. In order to have shelter provided with modern services and accom­modation, people all over the world use precast concrete construction and use only timber.

6. Construction of any building doesn’t start with excavation.

7. The foundation of a building should be placed only on organic soils because soils of this kind are never decom­posed.

8. In colder climates the foundations of buildings should be placed below the level to which the ground freezes in winter.

9. Modern buildings have two major parts. These are the superstructure, the substructure.

10. The sub­structure is the above-ground part of a building; the superstructure — its below-ground part.

11. It is a well-known fact that every building needs permanent stability. In order to have stability, buildings should have walls.

12. The live load of a building includes the weights of the ceilings, the frame, the floor, roofs and the walls, the weights of this electrical and mechanical equipment and the weight of the foundation itself.

13. The dead load includes the sum of the weights of the people and other living beings, the furnishings, and equipment they use, snow, ice, and water of the roof.

14. Deep foundations transfer the load to the earth at the base of the column or wall of the substructure.

15. Shal­low foundations transfer the load at a point far below the substructure.

Task 16. Find in the text answers to the following questions. Work in pairs. Use such expressions as: I think/suppose/ consider/believe; to my mind/ in my opinion; as far as I remember/ know/ understand; Let me see...; How shall I put it?; Well, let me think..; Let's put it this way...; I'll have to think about that; The best way I can answer that is…; That's a good question.; That's a difficult question. Let me see...

1. Why do people need shelter?

2. What kind of services and accommodation do modern people need and use?

3. What branches of modern civil construction do you know?

4. Do you want to take part in modern civil construction?

5. What branches of modern civil construction are you interested in?

6. How many major parts does a modern building usually have? What are they?

7. How is the above-ground (below-ground) part of a building called?

8. What is the function of foundation?

9. Which part of soil is of great importance for excavation?

10. Which part of organic soil must be removed from the building area? Why must it be removed?

11. In what climatic zones should the foundations be placed below the freezing point?

12. Have you ever watched the process of removing the upper stratum of soil from the building area?

13. For what reason does every building need stability?

14. What functions of foundation do you know?

15. What may cause cracking in the walls?

16. What are the loads supported by foundations?

17. What parts does dead load (live load) include?

Task 17. Match the following definitions with the terms.

Substructure	the solid layer of cement, bricks, stones etc that is put under a building to support it.
Superstructure	the condition of being steady and not likely to fall or move in an unsafe way and continue to exist for a long time or for all the time in the future
Foundation	a structure that is built on top of the main part of something such as a ship or building
Permanent stability	a solid base under the ground that supports a building above the ground

Task 18. Find in the text and put down key words to speak about:

• The needs of modern people

• Major parts of buildings

Task 19. Speak on the following topics:

• Excavation

• Foundation its types and functions

Task 20. Write an abstract of the chapter, express the idea of the chapter in some sentences.

Task 21. Translate the following sentences.

1. Жаль, что вы не рассчитали нагрузку на фундамент.

2. Он говорил, что уже 5 лет работает инженером проектировщиком.

3. Мастер хочет, чтобы использовали только современные материалы при отделке офиса.

4. Мне бы хотелось, чтобы вы знали все о современных строительных технологиях.

5. Цемент использовался египтянами при строительстве мостов, дорог и городских стен.

6. В соответствие с планом тестирование должно начаться ровно в 9.

7. После того как все расчеты и чертежи были сделаны, архитектор утвердил план строительства.

8. Известно, что выбор участка под застройку, является одной из основных проблем.

9. Вес конструкции уже рассчитан, а сейчас рассчитывают рабочую нагрузку.

10. Рытье котлована, возможно, только после удаления верхнего органического слоя почвы.