Анотації

Панковський В.Б. Кістяна і рогова індустрії доби пізньої бронзи в Північному Причорномор’ї. – Рукопис.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеню кандидата історичних наук за спеціальністю 07.00.04 – археологія. – Інститут археології НАН України. – Київ, 2012.

Вперше дано щонайповніше систематизоване зведення виробів, що походять з поселень та поховань тваринників і землеробів, які жили у ІІ тис. до н. е. від гирла Дунаю до Приазов’я.

Ураховано відомості щодо 1329 предметів (знарядь, приладів, приладдя, начиння, зброї та снастей, аксесуарів костюму, прикрас і фурнітури) та інших продуктів обробки кістки, цільного та порожнистого рогу зі 140 пам’яток сабатинівської та білозерської культур. Поза тим, використано численні порівняльні матеріали. Застосовуючи сучасні методи структурно-сировинного, технологічного та функціонального аналізів, автор розробив класифікацію та типологію, які лягли підвалиною концепції функціональних взаємин індустрій у культуроґенезі пізньої бронзової доби.

Ключові слова: білозерська культура, доба пізньої бронзи, індустрія, кістка, культуроґенеза, Північне Причорномор’я, порожнистий ріг, сабатинівська культура, цільний ріг.

Панковский В.Б. Костяная и роговая индустрии эпохи поздней бронзы в Северном Причерноморье. – Рукопись.

Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата исторических наук по специальности 07.00.04 – археология. – Институт археологии НАН Украины. – Киев, 2012.

Впервые дан наиболее полный систематизированный свод изделий, происходящих из поселений и погребений животноводов и земледельцев, обитавших во II тыс. до н. э. от устья Дуная до Приазовья.

Учтены сведения о 1329 предметах (орудиях, приспособлениях, принадлежностях, утвари, оружии и снастях, аксессуарах костюма, украшениях и фурнитуре) и других продуктах обработки кости, цельного и полого рога из 140 памятников сабатиновской и белозерской культур. Кроме того, использованы многочисленные сравнительные материалы. Применяя современные методы структурно-сырьевого, технологического и функционального анализов, автор разработал классификацию и типологию, которые легли в основу концепции функциональных связей индустрий в культурогенезе эпохи поздней бронзы.

Ключевые слова: белозерская культура, эпоха поздней бронзы, индустрия, кость, культурогенез, Северное Причерноморье, полый рог, сабатиновская культура, цельный рог.

Pankovskiy V.B. Bone, antler, and horn industries of the Late Bronze Age in the North Pontic area. – Manuscript.

PhD thesis in historical science, speciality 07.00.04 – Archaeology. – The Institute of Archaeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. – Kyiv, 2012.

The systematization and explanation of the industries in the Sabatynivka and the Bilozerka cultures (SC, BC; BrВ1-HaB1) is an issue that has been reflected in scholarly works on the limited basis; numerous functional classifications lost their cognitive sense, skipping both archaeological and natural expertise.

The principles of the study include the systemic strategy of typology, the universal categorical model of archaeological procedures, and the nuclear conception of cultural genesis. The database contains 1329 objects from 140 sites. The comparative materials are represented by 1275 objects\369 sites. The structure, technology, and functions of 986 objects\41 sites were studied de visu. The accomodat, modificat (both natural and partial), and convertat were defined as classes that determine degrees of man-made changes in raw materials.

A series of experiments with the processing of sheepskin revealed the purpose of the scapular notched breakers. Variability in jawbone scrapers-breakers indicates that they were designed either for right- or left-handed person. The use-wear of the card spikes led us to reject some accepted notions (loom; twisting-, spinning-, knitting-needles). Other categories include variety of scrapers, thong-smoother, scoop, scaler, spattle, hammers, chisels, adzes, potter's punch, combs, markers, netting implements, and nozzles.

The author discusses skates, hucklebones, dolls-idols, sound instruments, utensils, arrowheads and nocks, harpoon points, fish hooks, costume accessories, decorations, and the bridle furniture. The belt hooks have been singled out from the obsolete class of the hook-shaped cheekpieces; they are similar to those on the Tajik girdles or to the images carved on the deer stones.

N-accomodats (e. g. talus) are rare; p-accomodats are recognizable among some qualified fragments. N-modificats are, in fact, the improved accomodats (breaker, skates etc.). P-modificats are clearly seen in the tubular bones (e. g. whorls). Convertats were made from the parts where the basic amount of material was carved away. The antler and the saiga horns were used as a whole and partially. Nearly each type used “its own” skeletal element. The raw material reflects the ways of faunal exploitation. According to the analysis of skills and tools, the established, yet variable, objects were produced and used individually. It follows from the correlation of functional and techno classes that industries of the BC were inherited in toto from the SC.

As types, metapodial or radial skates were rejected by S.A. Semenov, and the revision is still accepted bona fide by many. It is the trap for scholars who do not believe in the use-wear media and deny the reasons behind the need in skating. The combinations of modes in skates define the Sabatynivka, the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Noua forms developed into the Bilozerka ones, while the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, the post-Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Sargary do not differ much. The ice- and snow-skates were treated, by virtue of magic beliefs, like a part, incarnation, and substitute of a horse. In the winter time, equine mobility was reduced because of lack of roads, and chionophobia. Metalworking and skates typically go side by side, and the blanks bear the traces of hot alloy. Thus, metalworking circuit found its support in skates instead of real horses; slaughters supplied it with bones in the late fall.

The SC inherited some types from the MBA cultural milieu, the Volga-Ural, Carpathian-Danube, and the Caucasian centers. The whorls’ classes go back to the Pontic and Maeotis-Caspian area, and due to the Volga-Ural area they have been distributed up to the limits of the super-region. In regard to the rod-shaped cheekpieces, the author singles out the Ural-Kazakhstan series that goes back to the Alakul forms. The cheekpieces with strap slots (Usatove) take their place among the initial forms alongside types with round strap holes (Dereivka). The SC, the Noua, the Coslogeni, the Berezhnovka-Maiovka, and the Sargary compose the techno-complex.

The shape, purpose, and natural configuration are closely interrelated. Correlation of the alloys and skeletal materials was determined by a technical level of the given time. Cultural inertia which is more considerable in tools and stimulated revival which is the same to accessories have an effect upon mobility in fractions. Hence, it is only an archaeological culture that can be used for comprehension of a variety of forms.

The specialization in the field of antler processing appeared up to the HaA1.

Key words: the Bilozerka culture, the Late Bronze Age, industry, bone, cultural genesis, the North Pontic area, horn, the Sabatynivka culture, antler.