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Уфимский Государственный Нефтяной Технический Университет
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  1. Hydrogen

Hydrogen is known to be the lightest of the elements. If the temperature is 20°C, it is an odourless, colourless, tasteless gas, its density being 0.08987, i.e. 1/15 that of air.

The gas is only slight­ly soluble in water, its solubility under standard pressure in 100 ml of water being 1,93 ml at 0°C.

Hydrogen could be found in the free state only in minute quantities because of its marked chemical activity.

Specialists consider hydrogen to be an extremely promising energy source. The reserves of hydrogen are known to be practically unlimited. Another plus is that hydrogen can be is as fuel in transport, industry and at home.

Extensive use of hydrogen as an energy source will help keep the environment clean.

Hydrogen is easy to transport and store. Even today, it costs several times less to transport by pipelines than to transmit electricity. Like any other gaseous fuel it could be accumulated and kept for a long time either in conventional or natural reservoirs.

Scientists have found many ways of producing hydrogen - basically from ordinary water, large volumes of this fuel could be obtained from coal, its reserves being tremendous.

8. Fuel

Carbon and hydrogen are the principal constituents of the solid fuels, coal and wood. Coal has been formed in nature by the slow decomposition of vegetable matter, in the presence of water and absence of air. Most of it was formed during the Carboniferous Period of geologic time, about 250 million years ago. Coal consists of free carbon mixed with various carbon compounds end some mineral matter. Anthracite coal (bard coal) contains much volatile matter, and burns with a smoky flame.

Bituminous coal can be converted into coke by heating without access of air. When the heating is carried out in a by-product coke oven, many substances distill out, including gas for fuel, ammonia, and a complex mixture of liquid and solid organic com­pounds. The solid material remaining in the ovens, consisting mainly of carbon, is called coke, it burns with a nearly color­less flame, and is used in great amounts in metallurgical pro­cesses.

Petroleum is a very important liquid fuel. It is a complex mixture of compounds of carbon and hydrogen.

The gas obtained from a coke furnace (coal gas) consists of hydrogen (about 30%), methane, carbon monoxide (10%) and minor components. This coal gas was the original illuminat­ing gas.

Natural gas, from gas wells and oil wells, consists largely of methane.

Слова и выражения, наиболее часто встречающиеся в научно-технической литературе

№1

  1. as

как, в качестве; так как; по мере того как

  1. as to …

что касается

  1. as … as

так же, как; такой же, как

  1. as early as

еще, уже + дата

  1. as far as

поскольку, что касается

  1. as a rule

как правило

  1. as if

как будто

  1. as well

также

  1. as well as

так же, как

  1. as a whole

в целом

  1. as yet

до сих пор

  1. for (prp)

for (cj)

  1. для, ради, за; 2) в течение

так как

  1. for the first time

впервые

  1. for ever

навсегда

  1. for example

например

  1. for the rest

в остальном

  1. for the sake of

ради

  1. it

It is necessary

It is … that

он, она, оно /неодуш.; это;

Необходимо (в безл. предл. не перев.)

Именно … (усилит. оборот)

  1. one

One should know …

one (ones)

  1. один

  2. Следует знать (не переводится)

  3. заменяет существительное

  1. since (prp)

since (cj)

  1. после, с

  2. с тех пор, как; 3) так как

  1. that

1) тот, та, то 2) что 3) который

№2

  1. according to

согласно, в соответствии

  1. on account of

из-за, вследствие

  1. to take into account

учитывать

  1. apart from

помимо, независимо

  1. account for

объяснять

  1. approach

подход, метод

  1. because of

из-за

  1. besides

кроме того, помимо

  1. both … and

как …, так и

  1. but for

если бы не

  1. in case

в случае, если

  1. as in the case

как обстоит дело

  1. to be concerned with

касаться, иметь дело

  1. to take into consideration

принимать во внимание

  1. data

данные

  1. to deal with

иметь дело, рассматривать

  1. a great deal of

много

  1. due

должный, надлежащий

  1. due to

благодаря

  1. to be due to

обуславливаться

  1. either

любой

  1. either … or

или … или

  1. even though

даже если; хотя

  1. except for

за исключением, кроме

  1. except that

кроме того, что

№3

  1. few

мало

  1. a few

несколько

  1. force

to force

сила

заставлять

  1. the former … the latter

первый … последний

  1. in general

вообще

  1. however

несмотря на

  1. inspire of

несмотря на

  1. at last

наконец

  1. at least

по крайней мере

  1. like

подобно, как

  1. to be like

быть подобным

  1. to be likely

вероятно

  1. to be unlikely

маловероятно, вряд ли

  1. to be alike

быть похожим

  1. little

маленький, мало

  1. a little

немного

  1. mean

  1. значить, обозначать

  2. средний 3) плохой

  1. means

средство, средства

  1. by means of

посредством, путем

  1. by no means

ни в коем случае

  1. minute

мельчайший

  1. neither

ни один из

  1. neither … nor

ни … ни

  1. a number of

ряд, несколько

  1. numerous

многочисленный

  1. no longer

больше не, уже не

№4

  1. once

однажды, как только

  1. once more

еще раз

  1. at once

сразу

  1. only

только

  1. the only

единственный

  1. in part

частично

  1. to take part

принимать участие

  1. partially

частично

  1. particular

особый

  1. in particular

в особенности

  1. per

на, за

  1. provided

при условии, если

  1. in many respects

во многих отношениях

  1. to be responsible for

объяснять, являться причиной

  1. to result from

проистекать

  1. to result in

приводить к

  1. for the sake of

ради

  1. the same

тот же самый

  1. so far as

так чтобы

  1. so as

так чтобы

  1. so that

с тем ,чтобы

  1. and so on

и так далее

  1. to take care of

заботиться

  1. to take into consideration

принимать во внимание

  1. to take place

иметь место, происходить

№5

  1. to take steps

принимать меры

  1. rather than

а не

  1. that is

то есть

  1. too

  1. тоже; 2) слишком (перед прил.)

  1. to turn out

оказывается

  1. in turn

в свою очередь

  1. unless

если не

  1. unlike

в отличие от

  1. up to, (It’s up to you)

вплоть до; (Вам решать)

  1. to be of value

иметь значение

  1. very

очень

  1. the very

тот самый, как раз тот

  1. in view of

ввиду

  1. with a view to

с целью

  1. to give way

уступать место

  1. way

способ, путь, образ

  1. whether

ли

  1. the same

такой же, тот же самый

  1. to be worth while

стоить

  1. whatever

какой бы ни, что бы ни

  1. whenever

когда бы ни, всякий раз как

  1. while

пока, в то время как

  1. not yet

еще нет

  1. etc. (et cetera)

и так далее, и тому подобное

  1. i.e. (id est)

т.е. (то есть)

  1. vice versa

наоборот

Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в действительном залоге

(Active Voice).

 Вид

Время

Simple (Indefinite)

Неопределенное

Continuous

Длительное

Perfect

Совершенное

Perfect Continuous

Совершенное длит.

 

V(I  или  II)

to be  +  IV (Ving)

to have  +  III (V3 or Ved)

to have been  +  IV (Ving)

Present

Настоящее

I, we, you, they

 +  I

he, she, it

+  I-s

 I   + am IV

he, she, it +  is IV

we, you, they

+ are IV

I, we, you, they

+ have III

he, she, it

+ has III

I, we, you, they

+ have been IV

he, she, it

+ has been IV

Пример:

I ask

I am asking

I have asked

I have been asking

Past

Прошедшее

I, he, she, it, we, you, they          + II

I, he, she, it

+ was IV

we, you, they

+ were IV

I, he, she, it, we, you, they            + had III

I, he, she, it, we, you, they

+ had been IV

Пример:

I asked

I was asking

I had asked

I had been asking

Future

Будущее

I, we

 + shall I

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will I

I, we

+ shall be IV

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will be IV

I, we

 + shall have III

 I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will have III

I, we

+ shall have been IV

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will have been IV

Пример:

I shall/ will ask

I shall /will be asking

I shall/ will have asked

I shall/will have been asking

Future in the Past

Будущее в прошедшем

I, we

 + should I

I, we, he, she, you, they

 + would I

I, we

 + should be IV

 I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + would be IV

I, we

+ should have III

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + would have III

I, we

+ should have been IV

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + would have been IV

Пример:

I should ask

I should be asking

I should have asked

I should have been asking

 

Сводная таблица спряжения глаголов в страдательном залоге

(Passive Voice)

  Form of to be + III (V3 or Ved)

Вид

Время

Simple (Indefinite)

Неопределенное

Continuous

Длительное

Perfect

Совершенное

Perfect Continuous

 

 

Present

Настоящее

I   + am III

he, she, it +  is III

we, you, they

+ are III

 I   + am being III

he, she, it +  is being III

we, you, they

+ are being III

I, we, you, they

+ have been III

he, she, it

+ has been III

-----

Пример:

I am asked

I am being asked

I have been asked

 

Past

Прошедшее

I, he, she, it

+ was III

we, you, they

+ were III

I, he, she, it

+ was being III

we, you, they

+ were being III

I, he, she, it, we, you, they         + had been III

-----

Пример:

I was asked

I was being asked

I had been asked

 

Future

Будущее

I, we

 + shall be III

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will be III

-----

I, we

 + shall have been III

 I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + will have been III

-----

Пример:

I shall be asked

 

I shall have been asked

 

Future in the Past

Будущее в прошедшем

I, we

 + should be III

I, we, he, she, you, they

 + would be III

-----

I, we

+ should have been III

I, we, he, she, it, you, they

 + would have been III

-----

Пример:

I should be asked

 

I should have been asked

 
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