V. Четыре значения глагола то be

1) to be + имя (сущ., прил.) - смысловой глагол - "быть, находиться, располагаться, являться, состоять в том, чтобы ...., заключаться в том..., представлять собой";

He was a member of this committee. - Он являлся членом этого комитета.

The book is a collection of stories. - Книга представляет собой сборник рассказов.

2) to be +Infinitive (инфинитив с частицей to) - модальньй глагол

"должен" (по плану или договоренности);

The train is to come at 5 о’clock. - Поезд должен прибыть в 5 часов.

3) to be + Participle I (-ing) - вспомогательный глагол для образования Continuous Tensе (не переводится);

They are writing now. - Они пишут сейчас.

4) to be + Participle П (V3/-ed) - вспомогательный глагол для обра-

зования Passive Voice;

The work is done well. - Работу выполняют хорошо.

ТРИ ЗНАЧЕНИЯ ГЛАГОЛА to have

1. To have + сущ. – смысловой глагол “иметь”;

I have a book. – Я имею (у меня есть) книгу.

2) To have + инфинитив с частицей to – модальный глагол «должен, вынужден, приходится»;

I have to do this work. – Я должен (вынужден) делать эту работу.

2. To have + Participle II – вспомогательный глагол для образования Perfect Tense (не переводится);

He has come. – Он пришел.

Exercises

1. Переведите предложения, принимая по внимание разные значения и функции глагола "to be". Пользуйтесь словами -"есть", "нет", "пред­ставляет собой", "является", "находится", " состоит в том, чтобы", "это значит", "должен".

1. There are many power stations in our country. 2. They are built in many places. 3. The Krasnoyarsk station is near Krasnoyarsk. 4. It is the largest station in the our country. 5. Our plan is to build many new electric stations. 6. They will be built along big rivers. 7. To build new electric stations is to develop our industry. 8. It is very important for the process of our country. 9. There are no seas in our region. 10. This problem is to be solved by experiment.

2. Переведите следующие предложения и определите функцию глагола "to be" в каждом из них.

1. The man was so deeply engaged in his work that he did not look up when he was addressed. 2. The ship was going up the river. 3. The train was approaching the station. 4. We were to start early in the morning, but as it was raining heavily, we decided to stay till evening. 5. What is evaporation? How is it done? 6. What information has been given on the weather-map today? 7. There is much snow on the top of high mountains even in summer. 8. What instruments are to be used during the next experiment? 9. Every worker was at his place.

3. Переведите предложения, определите значение глагола "to be .

1. New metro lines are being built in Moscow in different parts of the city. 2. The article will be translated at the lesson. 3. They were studying the subject when I joined them. 4. I am given English magazines every week. 5. They were to pre­pare all necessary information by Friday. 6. The document was looked for everywhere. 7. Ted doesn't like when he is asked about his work. 8. On Thursday the foreign students were being shown lecture halls and laboratories of the Moscow University. 9. The report will be followed by a discussion. 10. The tempera­ture in the Underground is maintained at 70°f. 11. A totally new safety system is being installed. 12. You will be able to get a grant if you pass all your exams well. 13. it was on April 26, 1755 that the opening of the Moscow University took place.

ТЕКСТ

Прочитайте текст и укажите функцию глагола "to be" в каждом из следующих предло­жений. Переведите текcт.

George Sedov was one of the great arctic explorers. He died in 1914 while he was trying to reach the North Pole. Sedov's ex­pedition was very badly equipped. The greatest part of the equipment was bought by Sedov himself as he had been given very little money by the Government. He was able to get a radio-set in Peters-burg, but was obliged to leave it in Archangel because there was no radio operator among his assistants. Sedov realized all the difficulties which were before him: to start was to undergo a great risk. Yet he and his men were fearless people who were ready to meet all the hardships. The expedition was to leave in summer but it was only at the very end of August, 1912, when Sedov left Archangel. The ship was moving in very difficult ice condi­tions and at last was forced to stop. It was near Novaya Zemlya. There was nothing for Sedov to do but winter there. They had been supplied with little- coal and food. Besides, the food was bad. The brave explorers were able to leave Novaya Zemlya only in 1913. All of them were very weak and it was growing harder and harder for them to move on. Sedov and most of his comrades died in the cold and darkness of the polar region.

4. Определите функцию глагола "to have" в данных предложениях.

1. Pure water has no colour. 2. The wind is very strong; the river has overflown its banks. 3. We have many valuable minerals in the Urals. 4. We have developed chemical industry in the Urals. 5. We have obtained salt by the evaporation under reduced pressure. 6. Aluminium is a metal which usually has a bluish-white surface. 7. Before the lecture we have to hang all the diagrams on the wall. 8. An electrician has to protect him­self with robber clothes when working. 9. The scientists have found that radium radiations have a very powerful effect on all living matter. 10. We shall have a meeting tomorrow.

5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на значение гла­гола “to have".

1. I have a new room. 2. I did not have to clean it; my mo­ther has cleaned it for me. 3. The boy has high temperature, so doctor has examined the boy, he has to stay In bed. 4. Every woman has much work at home. 5. She has to cook, to wash and to clean. 6. I have not finished doing my assignment. 7. I have to translate the text but I have no dictionary. 8. Every candidate to the Institute will have examinations in August. 9. Have you ever seen my sister? 10. Photography has to reproduce nature.

6. Заполните пропуски глаголами “to have to”, “to be to”.

1. I can’t go with them as I ... to be at the Institute at half past nine. 2. If you want to understand this phenomenon better, you ... to look through some articles devoted to this problem. 3. As this question is not solved the meeting ... to be put off. 4. At ten a.m. he ... to make a report, I think it will be interesting to listen to him. 5. As he made many mistakes in his last work he ... to rewrite it. 6. Professor Black’s assistants ... to help us in our practical work. 7. The plan ... to be carried out by а group of specially—trained men. 8. John... to dтivе at а high speed all the time as he was desperately late.

7. Переведите предложения, укажите модальные глаголы.

1. This engineer had to take part in the work going on. 2. I am to meet my friends at the station. 3. You should press the button to set the machinery in motion. 4. These parts will have to be replaced. 5. Every worker in any branch of science must carry out experiments. 6. One has to study to improve one’s work. 7. A number оf scientific problems were to be solved in connection with the construction of а network of electro transmission lines. 8. Thе subject mentioned ought to be spoken of again. 9. The students should not forget that it is impossible to acquire profound knowledge of any subject without а great deal of work. 10. You ought to write these exercises at once. 11. You ought to have written the article long ago.12. You should read English texts every dау. 13. You should have read this book long ago.