3. Put the verbs given in brackets into Present, Past or Future Simple. Sometimes you’ll need a negative form.

1. “How you (learn) to drive?” - “My father (teach) me”.

2. He often (receive) letters from his friends?

3. How many texts she usually (translate) at home?

4. You (phone) Ruth? Oh no, I (forget), I (phone) her in a minute.

5. The day after tomorrow our school laboratory (get) modern equipment.

6. He was good at mathematics, but he (fail) in physics.

7. It was warm, so I (take) off my coat.

8. Unfortunately this student (attend) all the lectures.

9. I’m sorry about what (happen) yesterday. It (happen) again.

10. Most people (learn) to swim when they are children.

11. I knew Sarah was very busy, so I (disturb) her.

12. John isn’t lazy. He (work) very hard most of the time.

13. I have some incredible news. You (believe) what (happen).

14. The moon (go) round the sun.

15. How much women usually (spend) on new clothes?

16. How many exams you (pass) at the end of the next term?

17. This train is always late. It never (leave) on time.

18. I (understand) the sentence. What the word (mean)?

19. If you need money for a new car, I (lend) you.

20. How long we (stay) with the grandparents last summer?

21. It (take) me an hour to get to the university. How long it usually (take) you?

22. This little boy (skate) well in future?

23. He’s so lazy. He (do) anything to help me.

24. We (invite) them to the party, but they (decide) not to go.

25. Where Marti (come) from? – He is Scottish.

26. Rice (grow) in Britain.

27. She never (drink) coffee in the morning.

28. A liar is someone who (tell) the truth.

29. An interpreter (translate) from one language into another.

30. How often John (go) to the dentist? He (go) once or twice a year.

II. Modal verbs (модальные глаголы)

Модальные глаголы выражают отношение говорящего к действию (т.е. необходимость, долженствование, желательность, вероятность или возможность совершения действия).

Модальные глаголы употребляются только в сочетании с инфини­тивом смыслового глагола без частицы to и образуют составное глагольное сказуемое. Их называют недостаточными, т.к. они (кроме to be, to have):

1. не изменяются по лицам (т.е. не принимают окончания -s в третьем лице единственного числа);

1. не имеют неличных форм;

2. предложения с модальными глаголами образуют отрицательную и вопросительную формы без вспомогательных глаголов.

Модальных глаголов три – can, may, must. У каждого из них есть эквиваленты (равные по значению глаголы), которые необходимо использовать для выражения будущего времени, а у глагола must и для выражения прошедшего времени. Эквиваленты модальных глаголов можно использовать во всех временах.

1. Can do (cannot, can't,) –- могу, можно, умею делать - в настоящем времени;

Could do – умел делать – в прошедшем времени;

Эквивалент: to be able to do – в любом времени.

I can (could) speak English. - Я умею (умел) говорить на английском языке. I will be able to speak English well. – Я сумею хорошо говорить на английском языке.

2. May do - можно, могу делать(может быть, вероятно, возможно) –

в настоящем времени;

Might do – мог делать - в прошедшем времени;

Эквивалент: to be allowed to do - в любом времени.

Не may сome in. - Он может войти. (разрешение)

We may see him at the institute. - Мы, возможно, увидим его

в институте. (вероятность)

She will be allowed to come. – Ей разрешат прийти.

3. Must do- должен, обязан, нужно, надо, должно быть (mustn’t -"нельзя") – используется только в форме настоящего времени.

He must do this work today. - Он должен сделать эту работу сегодня.

Не must be in the laboratory. - Он, должно быть, находится в лаборатории.

Эквиваленты: a) Should do- должен, следует, следовало бы (рекомендация)

You should do this work. - Вы должны сделать эту работу.

b) Have to do- должен, вынужден, приходится делать (необходимость) -используется во всех временных формах.

I have to go. – Мне нужно идти.

He had to stay. – Ему пришлось остаться.

I shall have to do this work. - Мне придется делать эту работу.

c) Be to do- должен делать (по расписанию, по плану, по договоренности и т.д.) – используется в форме настоящего и прошедшего времени.

The train is to come at 5 o^,clock. - Поезд должен прибыть в 5 часов.

We were to meet at 6. - Mы должны были встретиться в 6.

d) Ought to do – должен делать (упрек или моральный долг) – в настоящем времени.

Parents ought to take care of their children. – Родители должны заботиться о своих детях. You ought to have come. – Тебе следовало бы прийти.

е) Needn’t do – нет необходимости делать.

You needn’t come. – Приходить не нужно.

EXERCISES

1. а) Опустите модальный глагол и согласуйте форму смыслового глагола с подлежащим. Переведите предложения. В чем их смысловое отличие?

Образец: A man can think and speak. - А man thinks and speaks.

1. Life must progress. 2. We can build spaceships. 3. Stu­dents must study foreign languages. 4. This mill can produce plastics. It must have many workers.

б) Образуйте составное модальное сказуемое по образцу. Переведите предложения.

Образец: My friend reads this book (may). - My friend may read this book.

1. Every student learns a foreign language (can). 2. A So­viet man works for peace (must). 3. A weak pupil asks the teacher to help him. (may)

2. Замените модальный глагол вспомогательным, необходимым для образования отрицательных предложений в Present Indefinite, и согласуйте его с подлежащим.

1. A teacher of history cannot teach geology. 2. We cannot make books of plastics. 3. A student must not make notes in the textbook. 4. People cannot live on the moon. 5. Paper mills must not produce steel. 6. Hot water cannot freeze. 7. A child may not play with sharp things. 8. We cannot see the other side of the moon.

3. Напишите следующие предложения в Past Indefinite и в Future Indefinite.

1. He must learn the new words regularly. 2. We must pass the examination in physics. 3. He must leave in the morning. 4. He can skate well. 5. She can play tennis after work 6. I can translate this text without a dictio­nary. 7. You may go home after classes. 8. They may continue the experiment. 9. The students may use dictionaries at the translation test.

4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на перевод модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов, определите время сказуемого.

1. Who can translate this sentence? 2. Could you speak English a year ago? 3. I hope they will be able to reach the village before it is dark. 4. You may go away now; I shall finish the work myself. 5. Every engineer must know at least one foreign language. 6. You should take a taxi if you don't want to be late for the concert. 7. He was not allowed to enter the concert hall after the third bell. 8. As he received a bad mark, he had to go over the material again. 9. We were to meet at the station at six. 10. He was to stay at the office until the report was ready.

11. You will have to repeat the material of the lectures before the examination.

Текст

Переведите следующий текст, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы.

My name is Helen Sokolova. I study at the Medical Institute. On weekdays I have 9 o'clock classes and labs. I must get up at 7 o'clock. I may take some meal and I must leave home. I can get to the Institute on foot but I seldom do it. I mustn't be late. I must come some minutes to nine, so I have to take a bus to get to the Institute in time. I must be active in class. I must stay in class till twelve. At 12 we may have lunch. We are to have lunch till one o'clock. At one o’clock we must be in class again.

On Sunday I may do whatever I like. I may sleep late if I like. I may stay at home or go to a cinema. My hobby is music and I may listen to it. But it happens that I have to work on Sundays too. I feel that I must study Latin or biology and I say that I can do it.

5. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на модаль­ные глаголы и их эквиваленты.

1. Many complicated problems are to be solved. 2. They will have to complete the experiment next month. 3. I shall not be able to leave Moscow until we finish our calculations. 4. The engineer was to make a repeat at the conference. 5. A machine can do work which a man is unable to do. 6. They will have to try the method described in the article. 7. The engineer could cor­rect the program during the test of the engine. 8. The material is to be sent to the laboratory for examination. 9. He had to study the theory of interplanetary travel.

6. Заполните пропуски нужными модальными глаголами или их эквивалентами и переведите предложения.

1. Nina is ill. She ... stay in bed. 2. Drivers ... stop when they see a red light. 3. Betty asked: "... I open the win­dow?" 4. Betty asked her father: "... I go to the concert to­night?" Her father said: "Yes, you ... go." 5. Mary is free to­night. She ... go to the cinema. 6. Alec will have an English lesson tomorrow. He ... study tonight. 7. Mark is a good student. He ... speak English well. 8. There is no ink in my pen. ... I write with a pencil? 9. My friend gave me an interesting book to read. She said, "You ... keep it for seven days." 10. You ... do what the doctor says. 11. You ... study much if you want to pass the examination well. 12. Little children ...go to bed early. 13. If you are ill, you ... consult a doctor.

7. Поставьте предложения сначала в вопросительную, а затем в отрицательную форму. Предложения переведите.

1. We must use these tools to сut and form this metal part. 2. This equipment can produce parts with very high accuracy. 3. They could easily define the properties of this material. 4. He may complete all necessary measurements himself. 5. You should turn off the light before you leave the room. 6. You may use this instrument for measuring gas pressure. 7. The atom is to serve mankind. 8. He will have to do it tomorrow.

8. Заполните пропуски одним из следующих глаголов: “can, may, must, should, ought to, have to, be to, be able to, needn’t”.

1. - “Oh, Nurse, ____ I stay here?” - “Stay here?” Of course, you ____ “. 2. A man ____ help his parents when they become old. 3. There are no buses or taxis, so we ____ walk. 4. No, Nora, you ____ have another potato. You’ve had two already.

5. We ____ live without food and water. We ____ eat and drink. 6. I ____ get up too early tomorrow, so I ____ go to bed late tonight. 7. You ____ not walk all the way to the station. You ____ take a bus round the corner. 8. Tom’s father told him that he ____ ask silly questions. 9. You ____ switch off the light if you are afraid of the dark. 10. The matter ____ be discussed in tomorrow’s debate. 11. You ____ sit there in your wet clothes; you will catch cold if you do. 12. They ____ do all the exercises; it will be sufficient if they do four of them. 13. You ____ do whatever you like. 14. Sooner or later one ____ choose. 15. I ____ read to the end of the story, because I want to see who gets the treasure.

9. Раскройте скобки и образуйте составное модальное сказуемое в соответствующем времени.

1. He is in the garden. He ____ (read) a newspaper in the summerhouse. 2. Her son ____ (get) into trouble yesterday. I've seen him today and he looked quite happy and gay. 3. I don't remember him well but it seems to me he___ (be) in charge of the Finance department last year. 4. He___ already (get) used to driving on the left. He has been living in London for a year. 5. He___ (receive) an emergency call, that's why he is out. 6. They___ (not take up) this problem. It has been already solved. 7. Where is Mr. Black? — He___ (receive) a foreign delegation. They ___ (come) at two o'clock. 8. Why haven't the Smiths arrived yet? — They___ (lose) their way. They don't know the road well. 9. You___ (introduce) me to your wife long ago. 10. He___ (buy) a new car. He is deeply in debt.

10. Внимательно прочитайте предложения. В некоторых из них допущены ошибки. Попытайтесь их исправить. Объясните, что неверно.

1. I must not dress in my best. When I came, everybody was wearing jeans and T-shirts. 2. He must have known that she needed his help. 3. He had to have an accident in the thick fog. 4. You should phone her long ago. I am sure she is looking forward to your call. 5. With your knowledge of the language you may read the article. 6. I may not imagine Mary teaching students. She used to be so impatient. — You know time changes people. She is able to become quite different. 7. I am sure you might have done it much better. You did not try. 8. I was so angry, I must have thrown my boot at him. 9. May you do me a favour, please? 10. May I ask you to do me a favour, please?

16. Переведите следующие предложения на английский язык.

1. Что здесь происходит? Не могли вы бы вы ска­зать, в чем дело? — Должно быть, полиция ловит опасного преступника (criminal), и поэтому здесь нельзя пройти. 2. Он мог бы объяснить мне с самого начала, как это важно. 3. Тебе следует поторопиться. Мы можем опоздать. 4. Какой скучный фильм я посмотрел! Не сто­ило ходить в кино, я мог бы посмотреть что-нибудь по телевизору. 5. Неужели она потеряла мой номер телефона? 6. Поче­му он молчит (keep silence)? — Может быть, он не рас­слышал вашего вопроса. Не могли бы вы его повторить? 7. Ты должен уважать (respect) своих родителей. 8. На­верное, он сегодня не придет. Уже восемь часов, а он должен был прийти в семь. 9. Он, должно быть, не узнал ее. Жизнь, вероятно, была сурова к ней. 10. Марина, по всей видимости, ждет нас у клуба. – Да, и ждет, должно быть, с шести часов.

Тест

Выберите правильную форму модального глагола.

1. In a few months you will _________ speak another language.

1). can 2). be allowed to 3). be able to 4). had to

2. You ________ think about the future and not about the past.

1). needn’t 2). should 3). mustn’t 4). must to

3. Sue ________ take a taxi because she was late for the meeting.

1). could 2). was to 3). was able to 4). had to

4. When we were at school we _____ to do homework every night.

1). must 2). should 3). could 4). had

5. It ________ be John. He drives a Ford and this guy is driving a Jaguar.

1). could 2). should 3). can’t 4). may

6. They __________ be tired. They’ve been travelling all night.

1). must 2). can’t 3). had to 4). shall

7. Sally was out when he came. He ____ go there tomorrow again.

1). should 2). have to 3). must to 4). will have to

8. Does she _________ drive to the railway station early?

1). have to 2). should 3). must 4). may

9. He________ go to the dentist because he has got a toothache.

1). can 2). should 3). must 4). could

10. The Senate and the House of Representatives______approve a bill for it

to become a law.

1). has to 2). are allowed to 3). must 4). are able to

11. You _________ be kidding! No one buys two Rolls Royces.

1). should 2). can 3). have to 4). must

12. My sight is getting worse. Next year, I’m afraid, I ____ read without glasses.

1). can’t 2). may not 3). must not 4). will not be able to

13. I’m afraid I ___________ come tomorrow. I’m very sorry.

1). can 2). may 3). won’t be able to 4). be allowed to

14. Little children like books with large print. They ___ read them more easily.

1). can 2). have to 3). must 4). may

15. It was a very difficult text. I ____ look up a lot of words in the

dictionary.

1). must 2). can 3). had to 4). should

16. My dentist says I _________ eat so many sweets.

1). needn’t 2). mustn’t 3). ought not 4). shouldn’t

17. To my mind, the government ______ take care of old people.

1). ought 2). must 3). need to 4). may

18. _______ I ride your bicycle, please, Jane?

1). May 2). Should 3). Must 4). Need

19. In the UK you __________ drive a car when you are seventeen

1). must 2). need to 3). ought to 4). are allowed to

20. We’ve got two hours left. We _________ leave yet.

1). ought to 2). should 3). needn’t 4). are to