1. Знайдіть еквівалентні словосполучення англійською мовою:

замислити; бути знайомим з; механічні з’єднання; послідовність операцій; була потрібна хвилина для вирішення; під впливом ідей; тоді як; відігравати вирішальну роль; на чиюсь честь; ртутний стовпчик; енергоємний; виробляти велику кількість тепла; громіздкий; стати доступним; вилучати з пам’яті; вміщуватися на долоні; стрибок в техніці; вміщати; тривалі дослідження; вигадати термін; всеохоплюючий термін (номінація).

2. Поставте у речення потрібне слово:

analytical, digital, unreliable, sophisticated, solve, core, processor, computations, an integral circuit.

1. The Difference Engine could ... equations and led to another calcu­lating machine, the ... Engine, which embodied the key parts of a computer system: an input device, a ..., a control unit, a storage place, and an output device.

2. Ada Lovelace helped to develop instructions for carrying out ... on Babbage machine.

3. J. Atanasoff devised the first... computer to work by electronic means.

4. First-generation computers were .... the main form of memory being magnetic... .

5. In the third generation software became more ... .

6. What was the name of the first ... computer to work electronically?

7. When electricity passed through the .... it could be magnetized as either "off" or "on".

8. A ...is a complete electronic circuit on a small chip of silicon.

3. Дайте відповіді на запитання.

1. What was the main shortcoming of the Mark I and the other electromechanical computers?

2. What is an acronym? Give examples of acronyms.

3. What was the distinguishing feature if ENIAC?

4. What were the two distinguishing features of EDVAC?

5. What is a von Neumann machine?

6. Describe the technological features characteristic of each computer generation?

7. What type of computer memory was once so widely used that its name became almost synonymous with “high-speed memory”?

8. What technological developments made (a) microcomputers and (b) microcomputers possible?

Варіант IV

1. Перекладіть текст рідною мовою.

COMPUTER CRIMES

More and more, the operations of our business, governments, and financial instructions are controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough to modify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a number of people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away without punishment.

These facts have not been lost on criminals or world-be criminals. A recent Stanford Research Institute study of computer abuse was based on 160 case histories, probably are just the proverbial tip of the iceberg. After all, we only know about the unsuccessful crimes. How many successful ones have gone undetected is anybody’s guess. Here are a few areas in which computer criminals have found the pickings all too easy.

Banking. All but the smallest banks now keep their accounts on computer files. Someone who knows how to change the numbers in the files can transfer funds at will. For instance, one programmer was caught having the computer transfer funds from other people’s account’s to his wife’s checking account. Often, traditionally trained auditors don’t know enough about the working of computers to catch what is taking place right under their noses.

Business. A company that uses computers extensively offers many opportunities to both dishonest employees and clever outsiders. For instance, a thief can have computer ship the company’s products to addresses of his own choosing. Or he can have it issue checks to him or his confederates for imaginary supplies or services. People have been caught doing both.

Credit Cards. There is a trend toward using cards similar to credit cards to gain access to funds through cash-dispensing terminals.

Yet, in the past, organized crime has used stolen or counterfeit credit cards to finance its operations. Banks that offer after-hours or remote banking through cash-dispensing terminals may find themselves unwillingly subsidizing organized crime.

Theft of information. Much personal information about individuals is now stored in computer files. An unauthorized person with access to his information could use it for blackmail. Also, confidential information about a company's products or operations can be stolen and sold to unscurpulous competitors. (One attempt at the latter came to light when the competitor turned out to be scurpulous and turned in the people who were trying to sell him stolen information).

Software Theft. The software for a computer system is often more expensive than the hardware. Yet this expensive than the hardware. Yet this expensive software is all too easy to copy. Crooked computer experts have devised a variety of tricks for getting these expensive programs printed out, punched on cards, recorded on tape, or otherwise delivered into their hands. This crime has even been perpetrated from remote terminals that access the computer over the telephone.

Theft of Time-Sharing Services. When the public is given access to a system, some members of the public often discover how to use the system in unauthorized ways. For example, there are the “phone freakers” who avoid long distance telephone charges by sending over their phones control signals that are identical to those used by the telephone company.

Since time-sharing systems often are accessible to anyone who dials the right telephone number, they are subject to the same kinds of manipulation.

Of course, most systems use account numbers and passwords to restrict access to authorized users. But unauthorized person have proved to be adept at obtaining this information and using it for their own benefit. For instance, when a police computer system was demonstrated to a school class, a precocious student noted the access codes being used; later, all the student’s teachers turned up on a list of wanted criminals.

Perfect Crimes. It’s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer is doing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but with a glowing recommendation from his former employers.

Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it’s unsettling to note how many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematic audits or other secu­rity procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may have been the victims of uncommonly bad luck.

For example, a certain keypunch operator complained of having to stay overtime to punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punch were for fraudulent transactions. In another case, disgruntled employees of the thief tipped off the company that was being robbed. An undercover narcotics agent stumbled on still another case. An employee was selling the company's merchandise on the side and using the com­puter to get it shipped to the buyers. While negotiating for LSD, the narcotics agent was offered a good deal on a stereo!

Unlike other embezzlers, who must leave the country, commit sui­cide, or go to jail, computer criminals sometimes brazen it out, demanding not only that they not be prosecuted but also that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits, such as severance pay. All too often, their demands have been met.

Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if the public found out that their computer had been misused. They cringe at the thought of a criminal boasting in open court of how he juggled the most confidential records right under the noses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computer criminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his exploits elsewhere.