Урок 12

Текст А

TНЕ ROLE OF MANAGEMENT

Ever since the Industrial revolution brought workers from small shops into large factories, supervision has been required. Only during the last hundred years, however, has in­dustrial management grown into a highly organized set of mo­dern methods for achieving efficiency. Thus, management is a new institution in human history, and it has already become vitally important for the success of all kinds of business and of national economies.

Efficiency means getting results with the least possible waste of time, effort, and money. Therefore, efficiency is the aim of all management, both public and private. In private business, efficiency can be measured by profit, the surplus of income over expenditures.

The manager's job, then, is to get people to do things efficiently. The top manager manages other managers, chooses and trains them, plans their operations, and checks the results. All managers have practical and complex problems, but they utilize methods based on a growing body of knowledge. Shop managers carry out time and motion studies to improve workers' efficiency, and Industrial managers employ specialists to keep machines working properly. The flow of work is supervised to avoid any unplanned idleness of workers or equipment, each step in manufacture is planned in detail, and the cost of each step is carefully саlсulated, supervisors consult experts regularly in order to master new techniques, personnel managers try to obtain greater efficiency from workers by providing rest periods and by improving mood through better heating, lighting, safety devices, cafeterias, and recreation facilities – even when these have not been demanded by labor unions. The use of electronic devices has led to increasing automation, in which many automatic machines function without any need for human labor.

Scientific management methods have spread to all branches of industry – not only manufacturing, but also accounting, finance, marketing, and other office work. There are planning systems (organization systems, and control systems) within these there are other systems for delegation of authority, budgeting, information feedback for control, and so on. The essence of management is coordination of all individual efforts for the achievement of the objectives of the enterprise.

Упражнение 1. Задайте к тексту 10 вопросов.

Задание 1. Расскажите об основных проблемах управления и о том, как они решаются в нашей стране.

Текст Б

MOTIVATION

Setting people to do things efficiently to achieve the aims of an organization requires an understanding of human motivation, which is a person's readiness to pursue objectives. According to Douglas MacGregor's /The Human side of enterprise) there are two opposite sets of ideas about motivation/.

The first set, which MacGregor calls "Theory X", is traditional reward-and punishment approach. In this view, average people are naturally lazy and without ambition want only security, dislike responsibility, and prefer to be led. Therefore, they must be forced, rewarded»and punished in order to get them to make an effort.

The newer "Theory" takes the opposite view: that the expenditure of effort in work is as natural as play or rest in that people will exercise self-control in the service of or­ganizational objectives which they accept, that individual’s satisfaction from their pursuit of such objectives can be their best reward» that average people can lead to accept and even seek responsibility» that the capacity to exercise a high degree of imagination in the solution of organizational problems is widely distributed in the population, and that modern industry is therefore not making frill use of the abilities of average people.

These are the two extreme viewpoints. In reality, hardly anyone follows either one of them one hundred percent. Although something close to Theory X is widely accepted today.

Упражнение 2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1) What does "motivation" mean?

2) What does "Theory X" say?

3) What does the other approach say?

4) Which theory is mostly accepted today?

Задание 2. Обоснуйте необходимость мотивации к учебе и расскажите о способах мотивации.