Unit seven urinary system

In this unit you’ll find many expressions and new terms which will help you to cope with special texts on medicine.

Anatomic terms are being explained before the text “Anatomy and Functions of Urinary System” and in most of the tasks written for the very purpose.

The clinical terms have been chosen from among the arti­cles in the Herald Tribune, U.S. News and World Report’’ and some other sources. Additional tasks help to decipher many of the terms in point.

The pharmaceutical terms were selected from different medical journals and dictionaries.

A passage from the book The Razor’s Edge by W. Somer­set Maugham has been provided as a sample for your addi­tional reading on the theme under review.

The keys to the tasks conclude the unit.

Anatomic Terms

Task 1. Pronounce, memorize the words and expres­sions which will help you to better understand the below given text:

urea l j изгю] сечовина nitrogen ['naitrid39n] азот; нітроген ureter [jua'riits] сечівник urethra [jua rkGra] уретра urine ['juarm] сеча bladder ['blasda] сечовий міхур kidney ['kidm] нирка bean-shaped ['bun'Jeipt] квасолеподібиий adipose tissue ['asdipous ' tisju: ] жирова тканина , abdominal cavity [asb'domml 'kasviti] черевна порож­нина outer cortex ['ko:teks] part зовнішня частина кори ammonia [s'mounjs] аміак renal ducts сечівники

inner medulla [ms'dAls] part внутрішній мозковий шар нирки

tiny tubules [ tju:bju:lz] крихітні канали to ensure smth. забезпечити щось depending on smth. залежно від чогось biliary bilirubin ['biljsri bili'ru:bin] жовчний пігмент, визначення якого в крові і сечі має діагностичне зна­чення; білірубін

diuresis [,daiju3 'ri:sis] діурез (виділення сечі) urobilin [_/ju3ro(u)'bilin] один із жовчних пігментів, який утворюється в кишках внаслідок відновлення білірубіну; уробілін

urochrome [ Ju3ro(u)’kroum] урохром (пігмент сечі) renal pelvis ['гі:п(з)1 'pelvis] ниркова миска baroreceptors [,baer9ri'sept9z] чутливі нервові закін­чення в кровоносних судинах, які сприймають зміну тиску; барорецептори

ureteral lumen ['l(j)u:m9n] порожнина (просвіт) трубчастого органа

micturition [,miktju(:)'ri/(9)n] сечовипускання

Task 2. Read the text and get ready to speak about urinary system:

Anatomy and functions of urinary system

The main function of the urinary system is to excrete, which is nitrogen-containing waste-product of protein me­tabolism. Urea is formed in the liver from ammonia, which is derived from the breakdown of amino acids (simple pro­teins) in the body cells. The urea is carried in the blood­stream to the kidneys.

The urinary system includes the kidneys, right and left; the ureters (renal ducts) (muscular tubes from each kidney lined with mucous membrane, which convey urine to the urinary bladder); the urinary bladder which is a hollow muscular sac; for temporary collection of urine and the ure­thra which is a tube through which urine is discharged from the urinary bladder and passed out of the body

.The kidneys are bean-shaped organs embedded in a cushion of adipose tissue and located behind the abdominal cavity. They consist of an outer cortex part and an inner medullar part. The kidneys can be compared with the filters because they perform the filtration of waste products from the blood. These waste products are brought to the kidneys via the renal arteries which branch into the kidneys and are rather short and thick.

The process of filtration and formation of urine takes place within the tiny tubules of the kidney. Besides, renal func­tions include participation in the control of: volume of blood and other fluids of the body; protein,lipid and carbohy­drate metabolism; arterial pressure; erythropoesis; coagula­tion of blood and some more functions. Thus, the kidney is an organ that participates in ensuring the constancy of the main physicochemical constants of the blood and other fluids within the body and contributes to the regulation of meta­bolism of various organic substances. Depending on the water balance in the organism, the kidneys produce diluted and concentrated urine. The urine may contain many substances found in the blood plasma, as well as some compounds synthe­sized in the kidney itself.

•* The volume of urine discharge by a healthy individual may vary widely and depends on the condition of water balance. The colour of the urine depends on the diuresis and the excretion of pigments; it changes from light yellow to orange. The pigments form from biliary bilirubin in the intes­tine where it is converted to urobilin and urochrome which are partly absorbed in the intestine and excreted by the kidneys. Some of the urinary pigments are products of hae­moglobin breakdown oxidized in the kidney. Urine formed in the renal tubules passes into the renal pelvis and fills it gradually. When the filling threshold is reached, the signal of which is given by the baroreceptors the pelvis muscles contract, the ureteral lumen opens and the urine flows into the urinary bladder. With the gradual increase of the volume of Urine the walls of the bladder are stretched. In the initial stage of filling the tension of the walls does not change, and pressure in the bladder does not grow. When the volume of the urine reaches a definite level, tension of the smooth-muscle walls of the bladder increases sharply, the pressure of fluid in its cavity rises, and the complex reflex act of micturition occurs. Movement of urine along the urethra plays an impor­tant role in the act of micturition as it stimulates contrac­tion of the bladder by reflex.

Task 3. You can’t do without these terms while dealing with the texts about urinary system. Study their meaning and get ready to use them in speech:

uric acid ['juarik 'aesid] — a white odorless crystalline nitrogenous substance found in (excreted in) urine suppuration [,sApju(3)^/rei/(3)n] formation or discharge of pus

retention [ri'tenj‘(3)n] — holding back, the retaining within the body of matter normally excreted (urine; retention is the inability of the urinary bladder to expel urine) renin ['renin] — a substance formed in the kidney which contracts blood vessels and encreases blood pressure ketone bodies (Calcium + acetone) — breakdown pro­ducts including acetone which are the result of fat metabo­lism

enuresis [,enju:'n:sis] — inability to hold back urine, to control urination; involuntary bed-wetting dialysis [dai'aelisis] — artificial filtration of waste mate­rials from the blood by the greater diffusibility of the smaller molecules through a special membrane used during kidney failure

createnine ['krkatanain] — a nitrogen compound found in blood muscle and especially urine, where measurement of its excretion is used to evaluate kidney function specific gravity¹ — the specific gravity of urine reflects the amount of wastes, minerals and solids in the urine

N

‘specific gravity

ote питома вага

Task 4. Memorize the equivalents to better understand medical terms to the theme considerated:

Greek

pyelo

cysto'

nocti

oligo

chromo

Latin pelvis, is f

vesica urinaria nox, noctis f parvus, a, um color, oris m

English renal pelvis

bladder

night

scanty (little) colour

Ukrainian ниркова ми­сочка міхур ніч

малий; мало колі

р

Task 5. Choose the proper terms for the definitions and statements:

1. An examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements. 2. It may be caused by infection of th

e

kidney, pyelonephritis, cystitis or stone in the kidney or blad­der. 3. They are quite dangerous if they accumulate in the body. 4. It is a symptom of diabetes mellitusy 5. Materials which are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease are of different (pus, waxy, blood, fatty, etc.) origines and types. They are called ... 6. It is not normally found in the urine.

6. Cuplike divisions of the renal pelvis are called ... 8. Ano­ther important function of the ... besides removing urea from the blood is to maintain the proper balance of water, salts and acids in the body fluids. 9. Tube for giving and withdrawing fluids. 10. A protein found in the blood.

(a — ketone bodies; b — casts; c r- sugar; d — calyces; e — pyuria; f — urinalysis; g — acetonuria; h — catheter; i — albuminuria; j — kidneys)

Task 6. Choose the answers to the questions:

1. What is the main function of the urinary system? 2. Why does the body excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of a soluble (dissolved in water) waste substance called urea? 3. Why can the kidneys be compared with the filters?

4. What does the production of diluted or concentrated urine depend upon? 5. What is urinalysis (urine test) necessa­ry for? 6. Why are ketone bodies quite dangerous if they accumulate in the body? 7. What does urinary bladder serve as? 8. What does renin stimulate? 9. Why is the specific gravity of urine low in kidney disease such as nephritis? 10. For what purpose are the kidneys in a cushion of adipose tissue?

(a — water balance; b — for determining the presence of abnormal elements; c — because water is unable to be reab­sorbed by the tubules and this dilutes the wastes and mine­rals in the urine; d — for protection; e — because protein foods contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other elements and the waste that is produced and cannot be excre­ted from the body simply by exhalation; f — as a temporary reservoir for urine; g — it stimulates the contraction of arterioles so that blood pressure is increased and blood flow in the kidneys is restored to normal; h — because their presence can increase the acidity of the blood, coma, uncon­sciousness may follow and a patient can die; i — because they perform the filtration of waste products from the blood; j — to remove urea from the bloodstream so that it does not accumulate in the body and become toxic)Clinical Terms

Task 7. Study the following expressions to the article from Herald Tribune:

to use high-energy shock waves використати ударні хвилі струму

to remove kidney stones видалити ниркові конкре­менти

to reduce the recovery period зменшити період ви­дужування

excruciating pain нестерпний біль

to do away with smth. покінчити з чимось

to inject a chemical dye впорскнути хімічний барвник

to insert a tube (a wire) into the kidney вставити

трубочку (катетер) у нирку

to pulverize stones подрібнювати конкременти

a suction device пристрій для всмоктування дрібних

конкрементів