Keyhole Surgery

(from NW) JH

Surgery carried out through a very small incision, using I fiber-optic devices to observe the effect of laser scalpels or I tiny instruments.

Formed by compounding: surgery done through a hole which is so ’■ small that it is likened to a keyhole.

The colloquial phrase keyhole surgery was first used in print in the ■ late eighties, shortly after the surgical technique itself, more formally I known as minimally invasive surgery, had come into use. This fol- j lowed pioneering research over the previous decade, itself based on I the advances in fibre optics that made it possible. The technique is i now in wide use for what would otherwise be major operations, reduc- 1 ing trauma and decreasing the time patients spend in hospital.

The first operation in Britain to remove a kidney... by minimal 1 invasive surgery, or ‘keyhole surgery’ in popular jargon, was carried 1 out in Pdtsmouth. — The Times 17 May 1990, p. 20

Keyhole surgery is used extensively in knee operations, with mini- 1 mal scarring and faster recovery, and is being tried in hernia repair, 1 although this is still controversial.

(Guardian, 23 June 1994, section 2, p. 2) ]

Eyless Sight (from TBD)

...the ability to sense the colours of objects, and some- 3 times further developed to sense printed matter, through I sensibility of the skin, especially in the finger-tips. Also 1 called SKIN VISION. Technical name DERMALOPTICAL 1 VISION.

I£.g. Certain investigators believe that another manifestation of i <idicsthesia may be involved in such psychic phenomena as reading /a irit or identifying colours with the hands (eyeless sight), a medi- iints's communication with someone by other than the five senses while utilizing some object associated with that person (object reading, or psi/chometry, and dowsing. 1973 Britannica Yearbook of Science and the Future, p. 80.

Diagnosis of Peripheral Vitreochorioretinal Dystrophies with the Aid of a Pathogenic Test

In diagnostic investigations, a concurrent relation was re­vealed between the eye stretching, hemodynamics, and presence of peripheral vitreochorioretinal dystrophy. A pathogene- lically validated, requiring no equipment diagnostic test is proposed that predicts the presence of peripheral vitreocho- i ioretinal dystrophies in some segment of the eyeball or other by measuring the temperature in the region of the ciliary body.

(From Likars’ka Sprava, No 2, 2002)

Before You Get Lasered, Squint at the Fine Print (from U.S. News & World Report)

When the laser vision surgery called LASIK made its official debut in this country two years ago, its $5,000 price tag was enough to persuade many people to hold on to their glasses. Now the procedure can be as affordable as new designer frames.

... Even at more-typical prices — about $2,000 per eye — bespectacled and contact lens-wearing customers are scur­rying to get lasered... Analysts predict that as many as 1.5 million people in the United States will undergo the 15 minute outpatient procedure this year — more than four times as many as in 1998.

... In LASIK, a surgeon uses a razorlike instrument to gen- I ly lift a flap of the cornea — the clear stiff outer layer over I he coloured iris — and then reshapes the exposed area using a laser. That alters the way the eye focuses light, correcting nearsightedness, farsightedness, and some astigmatism. Numb­ing eye drops make the treatment painless, although burning and scratchiness are normal for a couple of hours. And 10 percent to 30 percent of patients require additional rounds of surgery, or “enhancements”, to sharpen their vision.

... When LASIK does meet expectations, it can seem mi­raculous. “After surgery, I took a nap. When I got up it was a whole new world,” says Don Wesely, 45, the mayor of

Lincoln, Neb. But even the best surgeon can’t guarantee such results — or predict the long-term effects of LASIK. So go into it with your eyes open, says John Sutphin, direc­tor of refractive surgery at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. “With all the guarantees in the world, you are still talking about your vision.”

MTI PhotoScreener (from CME)

This PhotoScreener is a portable, instant vision screening device. It detects vision disorders that can lead to amblyo­pia including near-sightedness, far-sightedness, astigmatism, strabismus, and cataracts. A special test will also identify myopia, hyperopia, media opacities. The screener works ef­fectively on young children and developmentally challenged individuals without dilation of the eyes or head restraints. Amblyopia or “lazy eye” is the leading cause of monocular blindness. It develops rapidly in the first three years of life and is treatable if detected early, usually by age 5. Most children undergo their first vision test at age 5 or 6, often too late for corrective treatment of amblyopia. By the time the child reaches 7 years of age, treatment for amblyopia is virtually ineffective and blindness can occur.

The MTI PhotoScreener is a patented, computerized camera that takes an instant photograph of the eyes. Images in the form of white crescents appear in the photograph if prob­lems are detected. The camera weighs about six pounds and uses a special high speed (ISO 3200) Polaroid film.

Task 32. Study the equivalents pertaining to the unit with the examples of their usage in medical terms: Greek	Latin	English	Ukrainian
ac(o)u (o)	audio, ire	hearing	слух
ambly/o	fuscus, a, um	dark; dim;	темний; ка­
		dull	ламутний
acanth/ o	spina, ae f	thorn	колючка
aktin / o	radius, і m	ray	промінь
anet/o	flacus, a um	loose; weak	в’ялий, мля­
			вий
anis /о	impar, aris	uneven; odd	непарний
blen/ o; myxa	mucilago,	mucilage;	слиз
	inis f	slime
blephar/o	palpebra, ae f	eyelid	повіка

lirom/o	foetor, oris m	foetor; fetor hepaticus; foul smell	неприємний запах; фетор
cliloaz/o	viridis, e	greenish	зеленкуватий
clirom/o	color, oris m	colour	колір
cor/о;	pupilla, ae f	pupil	зіниця
соте/о		(of the eye)	рогівка (ока)
corne/o	cornea, ae f	cornea
су СІ/ 0	circus, i m	ciliary body of the eye	війкове тіло ока
сіасгу/о	lacrima, ae f	tear	сльоза
dacryocyst/
dacryoaden/
diaphanes	limpidus, a, um	lucid	прозорий; зрозумілий
diktyon	rete, is n	net	сітка
donema	oscilatio, onis f	fluctuation	коливання
	trepido, are	to tremble	тремтіти
dora	tactus, us m	touch	дотик
ocche/o	fluo, ere	to flow	текти
rlkon	imago, inis m	image	відобра­ ження
rmmetr/o	perfectum, i n	perfect; fit	досконалий
rnklei/o	claudo, ere	to shut; close	закривати
glauc/o	coeruleus, a, um	blue	синій
gloss/o;	lingua, ae f	tongue	язик
glotta
gonia	angulus, i m	angle; corner	кут; куток
(h)aphe	tactus, us m	touch	дотик
bornera	dies, ei f, m	day	день
herpes	reptabundus	ringworm	повзучий ли­шай
Ichty/o	piscis, is f	fish	риба
lrld/o	arcus, us m	arc; rainbow	дуга; веселка
kak/o	malus, a, um	bad	поганий
katarract	catarracta, ae f	waterfall	водоспад
kcrat/o	corneus, a, um	corneous;	зроговілий
		horny	сірка (у ву­сі)
Іичитеп/o	cerumen, inis n	wax (in inner ear)
kolob/o	contraho, ere	to shorten	вкорочувати
kop/o	fatigo, are	to make tired	втомлювати
( k)crypt/o	latens, ntis	hidden; latent нрихований
( k)cycl/o	circus, i m	circus	коло; цикл

209

₍К 4—36

lag/o	lepus, oris m	hare	заєць
melan/o	niger, gra,	black; dark	чорний; тем­
	grum		ний
metabole	conversio,	conversion	конверсія; -А
	önis f		переміна; !
	transfiguratio,		перетво­
	önis /		рення
metr/ o	, measure, are	to measure	міряти
mydrias	dilatatio	dilatation of	розширення (
	pupillae	the pupil	зіниці
nykt/o	nox, noctis f	night	ніч
opsis	visus, us m	sight	зір
orexis	appetitio,	desire;	бажання; ,
	önis f	appetite	апетит
orrhagia	fluo, ere	bursting forth	витікання '■>
		(of blood)	(крові)
orrhexis	ruptüra, ae f	rupture; |	розрив; про­
		breakthrough	рив
osme	odor, öris m	smell	запах
ot/o	auris, is f	ear	вухо
ozo	oleo, ere	to smell	пахнути;
			нюхати
phako	lens, lentis/	lens	кришталик |
phinv/o	claudo, Sre	to shut	закривати г|
phot/o	lux, lucis f	light	світло
phyma	crejcentia, ae f	growth	наростання

incrementum, і n

poikil/o	multicolor,	varied; multi­	різнобарв-
	oris m	coloured	ний
psora	crusta, ae f	bark	кора
ptilon	penna, ae f,	eyelash	вія
	pluma, ae f
ptosis	cadentio, onis f	falling, down	падіння
ptyal/o	saliva, ae f	saliva	слина ,
rhy tis	ruga, ae f	wrinkle; .	складка;
		folding	зморшка
trachys	ruidus, a, urn	rough; uneven	нерівний; (,
trach/o			шорсткий
tritos '	.tres	three	три
strab/o	paetus, a, uni	squint; twist	КОСИЙ
streph/о
stigma	punctum, i n	dot	точка, пункт,
sympathy / о	compassion,	compassion	співчуття ;

onis f

E.g. hypacusis **f hearing impairment because of deficiency in the peripheral organs of hearing; amblyopia partial loss of sight; dimness of vision; acanthoma — a tumerous hyper­trophy of epidermal squamous cells that may be malignant, benign, or even non-neoplastic; actinodermatitis — adverse reaction of skin to radiation therapy; anetoderma — atro­phoderma characterized by circumscribed translucent lesions in which the skin becomes baglike and wrinkled; anisoco- ria — unequal size of the pupils; blennadenitis » inflamma­tion of the mucous glands; blepharoplegia — paralysis of an eyelid; bromhidrosis — foul-smelling sweat; chloasma >nr melanoderma with extensive brown patches on the skin of t he face and elsewhere; chromatopsia — a specific response of the eye to colour in which all objects appear abnormally coloured; comeitis (keratitis) — inflammation of the cor­nea of the eye; cyclitis — inflammation of the ciliary body; dacryoadenectomy — excision of an lacrimal gland; diaph­anoscope — an instrument for illuminating the interior of a cavity to determine the translucency of its walls; dictyoma — t umour of the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium; iridodonesis — agitated motion of the iris; doraphobia — a < I read of touching the skin or fur of an animal; cerumino- .sis — excessive formation of cerumen; emmetropia — the normal refractive condition of the eye; ecchymosis — the escape of blood into the tissues from the ruptured blood vessels; aniseikonia — a defect of binocular vision in which (he two retinal images of an object differ in size; iridenclei- sis — a surgical procedure for relief of glaucoma in which a small portion of the iris is implanted in a corneal incision to facilitate drainage of aqueous humor; glossodynia — pain localized in the tongue; nyctalopia — reduced visual capac­ity in faint light (as at night); hemeralopia — a defect of vision characterized by reduced visual capacity in bright lights; diaphemetric — relating to the determination of the degree of tactile sensibility; herpes zoster — a viral infec- I ion of certain sensory nerves, causing pain and an eruption of blisters along the affected nerve; lichen — any of various skin diseases characterized by papules and enlarged skin markings; glaucoma — a disease of the eye, characterized by increased pressure within, and hardening of the eyeball; go- nioscopy — examining of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye; iridoplegia fob paralysis of the sphincter of the iris; ichthyosis (alligator skin, fish skin) — a congenital disorder of keratinization characterized by dryness and I ishskin-like scaling of the skin; coloboma — a fissure of the

f

eye usually of congenital origin; cacosmia — a hallucina- 1 tion of a disagreeable odour; keratoma — a hard thickened ] area of skin produced by hypertrophy of the horny layers; j copiopia (asthenopia) — subjective symptoms of ocular I fatigue, discomfort, lacrimation, and headaches arising from use of the eyes; iridocyclitis — inflammation of the iris and ] ciliary body; cryptophthalmus — congenital absence of eye- 1 lids; cataract — a loss of transparency of the lens of the eye, | or of its capsule; lagophthalmia * a condition in which 1 complete closure of the eyelids over the eyeball is difficult or ] impossible; melanoma — a malignant neoplasm derived from I cells capable of forming melanin; ophthalmodynamometry — I determining the power of convergence of the eyes as regards I the near point of vision; metamorphosia.T— a condition in ] which objects appear distorted in various ways; mydria­sis h| dilation of the pupil; ulegyria — a condition in which 1 the convolutions of the cerebral cortex are abnormally nar- 1 row and misshapen due to scarring following the production of lesions in fetal or postnatal life; otorhagia — hemorrhage 1 from the ear; anorexia — aversion to food; diminished appe- j tite; otorhea — a discharge from the ear; ozena — a chronic disease of the nose accompanied by a fetid discharge and marked by atrophic changes in the nasal structures; otitis — '1 inflammation of the ear; dysosmia -« impaired sense of smell; 1 phacomalacia — softening of the lens; photophobia — ab- 1 normal sensitiveness to light, especially of the eyes; poikilo- ] derma — any of several disorders characterized by patchy 9 discoloration of the skin; ptilosis — loss of the eyelashes; ■ ptyalism — an excessive flow of saliva; blepharoptosis — ] drooping of the upper eyelid; psoriasis — a chronic skin 1 disease characterized by scaly, reddish patches; blepharophi- ■ mosis — decrease in palpebral aperture without fusion of 1 eyelid margins; rhinophyma — hypertrophy of the nose with 9 follicular dilation; rhytidectomy (face-lift) — a plastic sur- J gical operation for removal of facial defects as wrinkles) 1 typical of aging; tritanopia — dichromatism in which the 1 spectrum is seen in tones of red and green; trachoma -<jj 1 chronic contagious microbial inflammation, with hypertro- j phy of the conjunctiva; sympathetic ophthalmia — a serous I or plastic uveitis caused by an uninjured eye (the sympa- I thetic eye) by a previous perforating wound of the uvea of I the other eye; astygmatism a defect of an optical system ■ of the eye causing blurred and imperfect image; strabis- ! mus f№ a disorder of the muscles of the eyes, as cross-eye, in j which both eyes cannot be focused on the same point.Task 33. Attach the missing prefix, suffix or combi­ning form to the terms so as to fit their definitions:

1. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose and of the Eustachian tube, (rhino!..); 2. Repair of some defects of the nose with tissue taken from elsewhere. (...plasty);

3. Unequal curvatures along the different meridians in one or more of the refractive surfaces of the eye in consequence of which the rays from a luminous point are not focused at a single point of the retina, (...stigmatism); 4. Excessive or profuse sweating, (...hidrosis); 5. Inflammation of the uvea, (uve...); 6. Complete surgical extirpation of small tumours, confined to the lower tympanic cavity. (hypo...tomy); 7. Foul-smelling perspiration, (...hidrosis); 8. Excessive size of the nose, (...rhinia); 9. Any disease of the eyes, (...pathy); 10. Inspection of the nasal cavity, (rhino...).

(a -- ...plasty; b — ... scopy ;c ophthalmo...; d ^:“^L

...salpingitis; e -r ...tympano...; f — ... itis; g — macro...; h — osm...; i hyper...; j .’— a...)

Task 34. Choose the Greek roots and build medical terms, verify their meaning and give their definitions:

1. .. .scopy (examination of the eye with an ophthalmoscope);

...osis (abnormal dryness of tissue); 3. ex... (abnormal protrusion of the eyeball); 4, ..itis (inflammation of the vitre­ous body of the eye); 5. ...steresis (loss or absence of an eye); (i. .. .phrenia (senile dementia characterized by loss of memory, disorientation, confabulation); 7. dacryocysto... (incision for drainage of a lacrimal sac); 8. ;..itis (inflammation of the eyelids and especially of their margins); 9. ...emulsification (a cataract operation in which the diseased lens is reduced to .i liquid by ultrasonic vibrations and drained out of the eye);

10. ...phobia (painful sensitiveness to strong light).

(1. a) derma-; b) rhino-; c) ophthalmo-; d) angio-;

a) patho-; b) procto-; c) steato-; d) xero-; 3. a) chol-; l>) hydro-; c) ophthalmo- d) -scopy; 4. a) aero-; b) hyelo-; r) xantho-; d) thyro-; 5. a) meningo-; b) ophthalmo-; t) polio-; d) endo-; 6. a) presbyo-; b) pneumo-; c) tachy-; d) phlebo-; 7. a) -pepsia; b) -malacia; c) -lysis; d) -tomy;

8. a) blepharo-; b) hypno-; c) adeno-; d) arthro-; 9. a) osteo-;

8. phaco-; c) pyo-; d) myelo-; 10. a) photo-; b) chir-; e) or- I ho-; d) syn-)

Task 35. Choose the terms to the definitions that follow:

1. A chart for testing sight. 2. An instrument for exami­ning the tympanic membrane and external canal of the ear.

3. The medical speciality concerned with the eye. 4. Rhyth- I mical oscillation of the eyeballs, either pendular or jerky. I 5. Surgical breaking down and removing of the lens. 6. In- j f] animation of the mucous membrane of the nose and pha- I rynx. 7. Infection of an eyelid gland. 8. A rapid conjugate I movement of the eyes. 9. A specialist in the examination I and treatment of the eyes. 10. Squint in which the eye is turned toward the nose.

(a — optometrist; b — REM (rapid eyes movement); I c M sty (hordeolum); d — otoscope; e — rhinopharingitis; I f — esotropia; g — nystagmus; h — ophthalmology; i — I phacolysis; j — eye chart)

Task 36. Here are some more quotations to the unit. I Are you of the same opinion as the authors of these state- j ments are? Try to prove that your contradiction -or con- I sent is well motivated:

“Good taste is better than bad taste, but bad taste is I better than no taste”.. (Arnold Bennett). 2.“The woman one I loves always smells good”. (Reniy de Gourmant). 3. “Skin I is the best dressing”. (Lord Joseph Lister). 4. “Things I sweet to taste prowe in digestion sour”. (William Shake- I spfeape). 5. “Money i-s like a sixth sense without which you J Cannot make a complete .use of the other five”. (Somerset I Maugham). 6. “The greatest and dearest possession of every ] people — is their mother-tongue — that living reservoir of ,] the human spirit, that rich treasure into which a people store I their past, reflect their aspirations, their learning, experience I and perceptions”. (Panas Myrny).

Task 37. Learn these expressions. They may be useful in keeping the conversation on the theme suggested in I the unit:

Have you ever had nose-bleeds? Do you distinguish odours I well? When did you first feel that your sense of taste changed I (weakened)? Do you have tinnitus in the ears? What drops I have you put to the ear? Have you tried to apply a compress 1 to the ear? Was there any discharge from the ear? Which eye ] do you see worse (better) with? Are you able to distinguish ] all colours? Have you ever seen double? Do you wear glasses 1 for writing (reading, when necessary)? Have you ever had ¹ sties? Are you long-sighted (near-sighted)? Do you see bet- 1 ter at a distance?Pharmaceutical Terms

Task 38. Memorize the expressions that will help you to cope with the content of the directions to the medi­cines:

This medicine belongs to... Цей препарат належить до... cicatrizant remedy препарат для поліпшення рубцювання ран (розрізів тощо) anti-inflammatory remedy препарат проти запалень antitussive remedy препарат проти кашлю decongestant remedy препарат проти закладання (нако­пичення слизу) в носі expectorant remedy відхаркувальний засіб the temporary relief тимчасове полегшення perennial rhinitis цілорічний риніт nasal stuffiness закладання в носі contraindications are... протипоказаннями є... to cause drowsiness спричиняти сонливість to produce drug dependence викликати залежність (від препарату)

to administer ipecac призначити блювотний горіх gastric lavage промивання шлунка

unless the potential benefits outlay якщо тільки бла­готворна дія препарату не переважає над... discontinuation of treatment припинення застосування лікарських препаратів l»MS (premenstrual syndrome) передменструальний син­дром

Task 39. Read the summaries and describe each medi­cine to your colleagues according to the scheme: indica- t ions; precautions; adverse effects; contraindications; treatment; dosage: