- •Part I. Overview of the petroleum industry text 1. Basic refinery processes: description and history
- •Tasks on the text
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms.
- •Look through the text and say what (in the left column) is / are done /produced /removed, etc. By what (in the right column).
- •Translate the sentences paying attention to the meanings and pronunciation of the word subject. Define the functions it performs in the sentences.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Look through the text and answer the questions given.
- •Translate the following passages into English.
- •Text 2. Basics of crude oil
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Look through the text and find equivalents to the word combinations given.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list below.
- •A) Study the ways of translating the … the … construction.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions.
- •Translate the following sentences into English.
- •Read the text The api gravity and prepare to discuss the following.
- •Explain the meaning of the words given using your own words.
- •Translate the given passages into Russian.
- •Approximate characteristics and properties of various crudes
- •Text 3. Principal groups of hydrocarbon compounds
- •Tasks on the text
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Figure 3.1 typical paraffins and aromatics
- •Figure 3.2 typical naphthenes and alkenes
- •Figure 3.3 typical diolefins and alkynes
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Combine the names of different hydrocarbon compounds (given in the left column) with their structural definitions (in the right column).
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words and their derivatives belong to. Write out and memorize those that are new for you.
- •Read the meanings of the word alternate and its synonymic derivatives and translate the given sentences. State what part of speech they belong to.
- •Do you know the difference between the words principal and principle? Read the following and answer the question.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Explain the ideas expressed in the phrases using the words of your own.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Study the Figures 3.1–3.3 and name hydrocarbons having formulas c4h10, c10h8, c6h12, c4h8, c2h2.Practice their reading according to the patterns given.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Explain the difference between alkanes (алканы), alkenes (алкены) and alkynes (алкины). They are pronounced as [ˈælkeınz], [ˈælkiːnz] and [ˈælkaınz] respectively.
- •Read the text and find out what other names are in use for paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes and alkynes.
- •Iupac nomenclature of organic chemistry
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Study 3d models of the simplest representatives (представители) of different hydrocarbon series given below and define their names.
- •Text 4. Nonhydrocarbons
- •Tasks on the text
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Practise the pronunciation of the words given. Make sure you remember their meanings.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list below.
- •Find the pairs of antonyms in the list below.
- •Translate the phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Match the names of chemical compounds with their English translations.
- •Read the text again and answer the questions given.
- •Translate the following passages into English.
- •A) Practice reading the following numbers and equations.
- •Solve the given arithmetical problems.
- •Text 5. Major refinery products
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Look through the text and find synonyms to the words given in the list.
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the terms given.
- •Read the text again and discuss the following.
- •Explain the difference between the words commercial, military, domestic.
- •Translate the following sentences into Russian.
- •Translate the following abstract into Russian.
- •Translate the text into English. Классификация товарных нефтепродуктов
- •Make up a report about the basic refinery products using the scheme given.
- •Text 6. Petroleum refining operations
- •Tasks on the text
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Memorize the meanings that are new for you.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list given below.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention to the different meanings of the word involve (вовлекать, касаться, затрагивать):
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Read the text again and speak on the following.
- •Find the suitable definition for each of the refinery processes listed.
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the use of modal verbs can, could, must, should with Passive Infinitive.
- •Part II. Fractionation and conversion processes and health and safety considerations text 7. Crude oil pretreatment (desalting)
- •Memorize the following words and word combinations.
- •Translate the words given and practise their pronunciation.
- •Read, translate and define what parts of speech the words, their derivatives and related words belong to. Consult the dictionary, write out the meanings that are new for you and memorize them.
- •Find the pairs of synonyms in the list given below.
- •Find the pairs of antonyms in the list given below.
- •Translate the given phrases paying attention to the prepositions.
- •Explain the meaning of: adjust, dehydrate, emulsify, filter; moisten; suspend.
- •Read the text gain and answer the questions given.
- •State whether the statements are true or false. Prove your point of view.
- •Find the sentences with the Participle I / II having attributive function.
- •Translate the following sentences paying attention the Participle II.
- •Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to the words (be) due to, fail, failure, involve, separate, should.
- •Translate the following abstracts into English.
- •Describe the method of electrostatic crude oil-desalting using the picture of cross-sectional view of Electrostatic crude oil desalter and the information you learnt from the text.
Read the text again and answer the questions.
What are the properties of crude oils? How do they range in consistency?
What are the principal parameters for classifying crude oils?
Explain what a base stock is.
What can simple crude oil assay methods be based on?
What does a comprehensive assay method include?
How can crude oils be defined in terms of API gravity?
What is the difference between sour and sweet crude oils?
What are the chemical characteristics of crude oils?
Describe the simplest hydrocarbon molecule.
What is significant for choosing the principle of classification of crude oils?
Translate the following sentences into English.
Компания UOP – это многонациональная компания, которая разрабатывает и поставляет технологии и оборудование для нефтяной переработки, переработки газа, нефтехимического производства. Компания имеет тенденцию к производству преимущественно технологической продукции, базируемой на возможности преобразовывать одно химическое вещество в другое, очищать сырую нефть и отделять химические вещества друг от друга.
К-фактор – способ классифицировать сырую нефть согласно ее типам: парафиновые, нафтеновые, промежуточные или ароматические углеводороды. Число 12.5 или выше указывает на сырую нефть с преимущественно парафиновыми составляющими, в то время как 10 или ниже указывает на нефть более ароматического характера. К-фактор также называют UOP K-фактор.
Перегонка – самый обычный метод отделять различные химические соединения с разными точками кипения. Чем больше различие в температурах кипения, тем легче это осуществить. Однако, когда точки кипения схожи, это невыполнимо (feasible). Самыми распространенными продуктами перегонки являются топлива. Топлива (согласно диапазону температур кипения) включают: СПГ или сжиженный природный газ (LPG or liquefied petroleum gas), бутан, бензин, реактивное топливо, керосин, мазут (fuel oil) и дизельное топливо.
По содержанию серы нефть в Европе и России подразделяют на малосернистую (до 0,5 %), сернистую (0,51-2 %) и высокосернистую (более 2%), в США – на сладкую (до 0,5 %), среднесладкую/ среднекислую (0,51-2 %) и кислую (более 2 %). Классификация, принятая в США, кажущаяся на первый взгляд необычной, имеет, однако, прямое отношение к вкусу. С началом добычи нефти в Пенсильвании, получаемый из нее керосин использовался в качестве лампового масла для освещения помещений. Керосин с большим содержанием серы давал отвратительный запах при сгорании, поэтому больше ценился керосин с низким содержанием серы, сладкий на вкус. Отсюда и происхождение этой терминологии.
Read the text The api gravity and prepare to discuss the following.
What is API gravity?
How is it measured and how is it used in practice and in world oil pricing?
Speak on the crude oil classification according to its measured API gravity?
What is bitumen?
The API gravity
The American Petroleum Institute gravity, or API gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. If its API gravity is greater than 10, it is lighter and floats on water; if less than 10, it is heavier and sinks. API gravity is therefore an inverse measure of the relative density of a petroleum liquid and the density of water, but it is used to compare the relative densities of petroleum liquids. For example, if one petroleum liquid floats on another and is therefore less dense, it has a greater API gravity. Although mathematically, API gravity has no units, it is nevertheless referred to as being in "degrees". API gravity is gradated in degrees on a hydrometer instrument. The API scale was designed so that most values would fall between 10 and 70 API gravity degrees.
Generally speaking, oil with an API gravity between 40 and 45 commands the highest prices. Above 45 degrees the molecular chains become shorter and less valuable to refineries.
Crude oil is classified as light, medium or heavy, according to its measured API gravity. Light crude oil is defined as having an API gravity higher than 31.1 °API (less than 870 kg/m3).
Medium oil is defined as having an API gravity between 22.3 °API and 31.1 °API (870 to 920 kg/m3).
Heavy crude oil is defined as having an API gravity below 22.3 °API (920 to 1000 kg/m3). Extra heavy oil is defined with API gravity below 10.0 °API (greater than 1000 kg/m3).
Crude oil with API gravity less than 10 °API is referred to as extra heavy oil or bitumen. Bitumen derived from the deposits in the Alberta, Canada area has an API gravity of around 8 °API. It is "upgraded" to an API gravity of 31 °API to 33 °API, and the upgraded oil is known as synthetic crude.
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