Range of ngo Activities

In the case of Iran, NGOs can have an active role in the following areas:

Community Health Promotion and Education

o Contraception and Intimacy Education

o General Hygiene

o Waste Disposal

o Water Usage

o Vaccinations

o Youth Counseling Services

Emerging health crises

o HIV/AIDS education and support

o Hepatitis B education

o Drug Addiction recovery

Community Social Problems

o Juvenile crimes

o Runaway girls

o Street Children

o Prostitution

Environmental

o Sustainable water and energy consumption education

o Keeping mountains and forests clean

Economic

o Microenterprises and Micro-loans

o Skill training (Computers, technician training, Catering services, clothing and textile, etc.)

o Product promotion and distribution (Bazaars etc.)

o Cooperative creation

o Financial consulting

o Career services and job search assistance

Development

o School construction

o Infrastructure construction

o Cultural center construction and operation

o Agriculture and Aquaculture expert assistance

Women’s Issues

o Women and Children’s Rights

o Battered women assistance center

o Group therapy for sexually abused women

o Counseling hotlines (telephone-based counseling services for women)

o Legal assistance to women

o Literacy drives

Vocabulary tasks:

1. Match the word with its definition

people or society at a local level rather than at the center of major political activity the groundwork or source of something	a. to mobilize
2. to produce an effect on by imperceptible or intangible means	b. to strengthen
3. to make or become stronger	c. grass-root
4. to succeed in gaining possession of as the result of planning or endeavor 4. to get	d. to come under influence
a situation in which business and financial activities are done in an open way without secrets, so that people can trust that they are fair and honest	e. to assist
to start to use the things or people you have available in order to achieve something	f. transparency
to investment in transport will assist growth in the economy.	g. charter
an official document describing the aims, rights, or principles of an organization	h. to obtain

2. Complete the sentence

Use an appropriate word or phrase from Exercise 1 to complete each sentence.

1. Concerns have been raised about a lack of …………………… regarding the company's healthcare and pension liabilities.

2. Investment in transport will ……………. growth in the economy.

3. Commercial banks with a national ………………are supervised by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency.

4. In general, corporations ………………… government through campaign contributions, through lobbying, and through captured regulatory agencies.

5. The feeling among the …………… of the Party is that the leaders are not radical enough.

6. In the second experiment they ……………. a very clear result.

7. Representatives for all the main candidates are trying to ……………..voter support.

8. Research and development expenses amounted to €76m in the first six months, reflecting the company's desire to ……………………… its technological leadership.

Reading tasks:

1. Give the definition for NGO.

2. Describe structure and functions of NGO.

3. What are the principle differences between operational and advocacy NGOs? Can you name your own examples of each?

4. What’s the difference between NGO and GONGO? Do you know any examples of GONGO?

Speaking tasks

1. Can you name the NGOs that you know?

2. Choose 1 example of NGO and make up a presentation: “The role of NGO in different areas” (like in the case of Iran).

Text 2

A. Read the text about two car companies' global strategies.

Ford and Honda

Rising costs and the worldwide spread of shared tastes in car styling have prompted the indus­try's giants to exploit global 5 economies of scale. But rivals such as Ford and Honda have approached the task very differ­ently.

Ford is one of the world's earliest multinationals. Its first foreign production unit was set up in Canada in 1904 - just a year after the creation of the US parent. For years Ford operated on a regional 15 basis. Individual countries or areas had a large degree of auton­omy from the US headquarters. That meant products differed sharply, depending on local executives' views of regional require­ments. In Europe the company built different cars in the UK and Germany until the late 1960s.

Honda, by contrast, is a much 25 younger company, which grew rapidly from making motorcycles in the 1950s. In contrast to Ford, Honda was run very firmly out of Japan. Until well into the 1980s, its vehicles were designed, engi­neered and built in Japan for sale around the world.

Significantly, however. Honda tended to be more flexible than Ford in developing new products. Rather than having a structure based on independent functional departments, such as bodywork or engines, all Japan's car makers preferred multi-disciplinary teams. That allowed development work to take place simultaneously, rather than being passed between departments. It also allowed much greater responsiveness to change.

In the 1990s both companies started to amend their organizational structures to exploit the per­ceived strengths of the other. At Ford, Alex Trotman, the newly appointed chairman, tore up the company's rulebook in 1993 to create a new organization. The Ford 2000 restructuring programme threw out the old func­tional departments and replaced them with multi-disciplinary prod­uct teams.

The teams were based on five (now three) vehicle centers, responsible for different types of vehicles. Small and medium-sized cars, for example, are handled by a European team split between the UK and Germany. The develop­ment teams comprise staff from many backgrounds. Each takes charge of one area of the process. whether technical, financial or marketing-based.

Honda, by contrast, has decentralized in recent years. While its cars have much the same names around the world, they are becoming less, rather than more, standardized. 'Globalization' - a global strategy with local management -is the watchword. Eventually the group expects its structure will comprise four regions - Japan, the US, Europe and Asia-Pacific which will become increasingly self-sufficient.

Two reasons explain Honda's new approach. Shifting to produc­tion overseas in the past decade has made the company more attuned to regional tastes. About lm of Honda's 2.1m worldwide car sales last year were produced in the US. A further 104,000 were made in the UK. No other manu­facturer has such a high propor­tion of foreign output.

Honda engineers also reckon they can now devise basic engineering structures which are com­mon enough to allow significant economies of scale, but sufficiently flexible to be altered to regional variations. The US Accord, for example, is longer and wider than the Japanese version. The European one may have the same dimensions as the Japanese model, but has different styling and suspension settings.

Both Ford and Honda argue their new structures represent a no correct response to the demands of the global market. Much of what they have done is similar, but intriguingly, a lot remains differ­ent.

From the Financial Times

Reading tasks 1. Say which of these statements apply to Ford and which to Honda.

1. now has a strategy of decentralization

2. now works in multi-disciplinary teams for car design and development

3. has always worked in multi-disciplinary teams

4. produces more cars abroad than in its home country

5. used to be very decentralized

6. used to be very centralized

7. has divided the world into four regions

8. designs and develops all its small cars in Europe

9. has always been flexible and able to respond to change

2. According to the ideas in the text, why do car companies now need to have a global strategy?

3. How did the two companies change their strategies?

В How the text is organized

These phrases summarize the main idea of each paragraph of the text. Match each phrase with the correct paragraph.

a. one reason for changes in Honda's strategy

b. Honda's original strategy

c. Ford's new strategy

d. Conclusion

e. Honda's new strategy

f. Ford's original strategy

g. the advantage of Honda's original strategy

h. introduction

i. Ford's new strategy in detail

j. another reason for Honda's new strategy