- •Isbn 978-5-98089-023-0
- •1. What is the world trade organization?
- •It’s a set of rules …
- •2. Principles of the trading system
- •1. Most-favoured-nation (mfn): treating other people equally
- •2. National treatment: Treating foreigners and locals equally
- •3. The gatt years
- •4. Whose wto is it anyway?
- •Vanuatu
- •10 Benefits of the wto trading system
- •Introduction
- •1. The system helps to keep the peace
- •International confidence and
- •Its officials that the country should accede to the wto.
- •2. The system allows disputes to be handled constructively
- •3. A system based on rules rather than power
- •1. Open the brackets using the Subjunctive II Present:
- •2. Compose sentences with the phrases below using the Subjunctive
- •II Present and the Present Conditional. Mind the voice (active,
- •4. Freer trade cuts the cost of living
- •Verbs-forming suffixes
- •1. Find in the text (4th benefit of the wto) all the cases of the
- •2. Complete the sentences using the Subjunctive II Present and the
- •5. It gives consumers more choice,
- •6. Trade raises incomes
- •7. Trade stimulates economic growth, and that can be
- •8. The basic principles make the system economically
- •9. The system shields governments from narrow interests
- •10. The system encourages good government
- •1. Compose sentences with the phrases below. Use the mixed type
- •2. Open the brackets using all types of Subjunctive II and the
- •International monetary fund
- •Imf activities
- •Imf governance and organization
- •Imf surveillance flow chart
- •1. Read the article.
- •2. Answer the questions on the article:
- •3. Speak on the message of the text.
- •4. Render the article in English.
- •International bank for
- •International bank for reconstruction and
- •Into two teams – ibrd representatives and journalists. First, one
- •International development association
- •Ida at work
- •Ida borrowers
- •Ida funding
- •Ida history
- •Infinitive as Object
- •Infinitive as Adverbial Modifier
- •International Secretariat
- •Icc has urged negotiators to create the enabling frameworks to help
- •Icc is urging governments to make major investments in agriculture
- •In written form:
- •Integrated Access To Global Derivatives Markets
- •Independence
- •1. Comprehensive
- •2. Weighted
- •3. Readily Available
- •4. The Most Appropriate Benchmark
- •International Organizations
- •International Economic Organizations
Icc has urged negotiators to create the enabling frameworks to help
business scale up the full range of technological solutions needed to
address climate change.
The development and global
deployment of advanced low
emissions technologies to address
climate change will require appropriate
institutional frameworks, intellectual
property rights protection, and
innovative funding mechanisms, ICC
told the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
But the economic and technological flows required between countries
to address climate change will also necessitate strengthened
multilateral trade and investment, ICC said at the UNFCCC Bonn
Climate Change talks.
135
“Concerted, global support for research and development will need to
be put in place in order to increase the pace of change for certain
technologies,” said Nick Campbell, chair of ICC Climate Change Task
Force. “Innovative public-private partnerships that foster rapid
development of advanced technologies to reduce emissions will play a
pivotal role.”
Mr. Campbell spoke at an ICC-sponsored event on Technology
Development and Deployment on the sidelines of the Bonn
discussions. The event brought together business experts and
government negotiators to examine scaling-up technology
dissemination, principally to developing countries.
Business has a key role to play to meet the challenge of climate change.
As the business and industry focal point at the UNFCCC, ICC has been
working for many years to deliver practical solutions to reduce
emissions and create a pathway to a low carbon economy.
But time is short, with the Conference of the Parties (COP) meeting in
Copenhagen in December rapidly approaching. As government
negotiators begin to develop the architecture needed to create a
comprehensive agreement, ICC has urged them to create the enabling
frameworks to help business scale up the full range of technological
solutions needed to address climate change.
“Successful technology transfer requires common, stable and
predicable rules for business as well as the ability to enforce violations
of such laws, government incentives for good actors and punishments
for violators,” said Thaddeus Burns, GE Senior IP Counsel. “Large
investments in research and development are required for technological
advances, and intellectual property protection is a necessary driving
force behind private investment.”
Eduardo Reyes, Sub-Administrator General and Panamanian
government negotiator, stressed the role of the UNFCCC Kyoto
Protocol Clean Development Mechanisms as an instrument that has
played an important role for technology transfer in Panama.
“Transfers of technology should provide the means to sustainable
development, particularly for developing countries,” he said. “The
private sector is a key stakeholder to introduce technology in general. ”
136
This sentiment was furthered by Professor Zhou Ji Head of the
Environment Protection School at Renmin Daxue, the People's
University of China and Chinese negotiator who suggested business
should work with governments “to find the right institutional and
policy frameworks that facilitate technology transfer and lower
transaction costs for developing countries”
ICC is ready to engage with key government officials such as the
UNFCCC Experts Group on Technology Transfer to help define the
frameworks needed for global business to deploy the necessary
solutions.
“The global economic crisis has highlighted the need to work
efficiently and cooperatively to develop the policy and financial drivers
needed to delink environmental impacts from economic growth and
shape a future global low-emissions economy,” remarked Guy Sebban,
ICC Secretary General .
“The current global crisis must not be used as an excuse for delaying
effective action to combat climate change and the rapid and successful
attainment of environmental objectives should be a priority in
government stimulus plans,” he said.
During recent meetings of the ICC Commission on Environment and
Energy Commission, it was agreed to build on and develop an
ambitious plan of action to help governments design the policies
required to unleash the technological and financial resources needed to
solve climate change. This will include work in areas including
technology, intellectual property, finance and energy options for today
and tomorrow.
ICC will continue to lead business engagement on the "Road to
Copenhagen” by providing a full range of business expertise
throughout the year.
In addition, the 6th World Chambers Congress in Kuala Lumpur, 3-5
June will focus on “Leading sustainable growth and change” as its
theme and will examine the economic implications of climate change.
137
For further information, please contact :
Carlos Busquets
Policy Manager
Tel: +33 1 49 53 29 75
TASKS
Task 1. Find Russian equivalents for the following phrases:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
To require appropriate institutional frameworks
To foster rapid development
To examine scaling-up technology dissemination
To enforce violations of such laws
To combat climate change
To facilitate technology transfer
To create the enabling frameworks
To delink environmental impacts from economic growth
Task 2. Match the phrases with their meanings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
To deploy the necessary solutions
To increase the pace of change
To speak at an ICC-sponsored event
To reduce emissions
To provide the means to sustainable development
To facilitate technology transfer
To address climate change
Увеличить скорость изменения
Использовать необходимые решения
Содействовать передаче технологий
Выступать на мероприятии, спонсированном МТП
Исследовать изменение климата
Обеспечивать средствами для экологически рационального
развития
g) Уменьшить количество вредных выбросов в окружающую
среду
138
Task 3. Answer the questions on the article.
What has ICC urged negotiators to create?
What issue was discussed at the UNFCCC Bonn Climate Change
talks?
What was agreed to build on and develop during recent meetings
of the ICC Commission on Environment and Energy
Commission?
What has the global economic crisis highlighted according to
Guy Sebban, ICC Secretary General?
Task 4. Underline the key words in each passage.
Task 5. Render the article using the phrases above and key words as
a framework for your summary. Express your professional attitude.
Speak on the message of the text.
Rendering Activity
World business urges multiple solutions to increase agricultural
productivity, while protecting biodiversity
