Once you have produced a document with a desktop publishing system, you can output it directly to a printer or you can produce a PostScript file which you can then take to a service bureau. The service bureau has special machines that convert the PostScript file to film, which can then be used to make plates for offset printing. Offset printing produces higher-quality documents, especially if color is used, but is generally more expensive than laser printing.

Unit XIII Web design vs. Web development

1. Before you read the text, talk about these questions:

What makes a good business website?

What kind of website do you like to use?

A good business website needs to look professional and be well-designed. It should contain high quality content and be easy to navigate. It should also be fast loading and informative.

I like to use various websites such as Facebook and Extrimavto. The first one is a social networking site; the second is a professional site which unites all businesses in Belarus dealing with cars. I can communicate with people with familiar interests and find old school friends or I can find any information I need on Extrimavto site. I also make use of Google Search which provides me with links to valuable information. I also visit e-commerce websites on a daily basis. I purchase a lot of products online and these sites offer numerous goods and services.

2. Study the following words and expressions and list the possibility that website gives you and what should you know to design the website.

• Marketing

• News feed

• Design

• Blog

• Forum

• Content

• Analytics

• Search engine

• Testing

• Layout

• Usability

3. Match the words (1-6) with the definitions (a-f)

4. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank:

1. The website doesn’t work well. I want to improve its ……. .

2. My website looks boring. I’ll give it a more interesting …….. .

3. If you are interested in making a website, take a ……… .

4. I’m learning ………..so that I can change my website.

5. Practice of translation. Translate the the following text into Russian: What is the css Box Model?

The CSS box model describes the boxes that are formed around elements of content in a Web page. Every element in a Web page is in a box or is a box, even if it's an image of a circle. The boxes on Web pages are constrained by rules defined by the box model.

• CSS Box Properties

Parts of the css Box Model:

The CSS box model is made up of four parts:

• margin

• border

• padding

• content

The margin is the outermost edge of the box. It is transparent and manifests as space between the element and others on the page. Margins can collapse into one another, so that the bottom margin of one element overlaps with the top margin of the element below it.

The border is the next thing surrounding the box. Borders can be colored or transparent. If the border is set to 0 it effectively disappears and the border edge is the same as the padding edge.

The padding is the space between the content and the border. Padding is the same color as the background color for the box. If the padding is set to 0, the padding border is the same as the content border.

The content is what most people think of as the element. This is the text or image or whatever is displayed inside the box.

You can manipulate the different parts of the box model with CSS properties:

• margin

• border

• padding

• width

• height

Box Model Issues:

The problem with the CSS box model is that not all Web browsers implement it the same way. In a nutshell, according to the W3C, width and height properties define the width and height of the content of the box. Items like padding, border, and margin surround that width and height.

Some versions of Internet Explorer instead define the width and height as the width and height of the entire element, including padding, and border.

If you want your designs to look the same in all browsers, you have to employ tricks and sometimes hacks to get IE to work correctly.

• Box Model Hack

Block Level Elements:

The other aspect of the box model is how different elements act. Some are considered block-level elements. These are elements that create boxes within the flow of the document. For example, paragraphs, images, and forms are all block-level elements.

• Definition: block-level element

• Block-Level Tags

6. Practice of translation. Translate the following text into English:

• Дизайн основной и типовых страниц сайта

Начинается работа с создания дизайна, обычно в графическом редакторе. Дизайнер создаёт один или несколько вариантов дизайна, в соответствии с техническим заданием. При этом отдельно создаётся дизайн главной страницы, и дизайны типовых страниц (например: статьи, новости, каталог продукции). Собственно «дизайн страницы» представляет собой графический файл, слоеный рисунок, состоящий из наиболее мелких картинок-слоев элементов общего рисунка.

При этом дизайнер должен учитывать ограничения стандартов html (не создавать дизайн, который затем не сможет быть реализован стандартными средствами html). Исключение составляет Flash-дизайн.

• HTML-верстка

Утверждённый дизайн передаётся html-верстальщику, который «нарезает» графическую картинку на отдельные рисунки, из которых впоследствии складывает html-страницу. В результате создаётся код, который можно просматривать с помощью браузера. А типовые страницы впоследствии будут использоваться как шаблоны.

В небольших студиях html-кодированием занимается дизайнер, создавший макет сайта.

• Программирование

Далее готовые HTML-файлы передают программисту. Программирование сайта может осуществляться как «с нуля», так и на основе CMS — системы управления сайтом. Веб-разработчики часто называют CMS «движком».

В случае с CMS надо сказать, что сама «CMS» в некотором смысле это готовый сайт, состоящий из заменяемых частей. «Программист» — в данном случае правильно будет назвать его просто специалистом по CMS — должен заменить стандартный шаблон, поставлявшийся с CMS, на оригинальный шаблон. Этот оригинальный шаблон он и должен создать на основе исходного «веб-дизайна».

При программировании сайта специалисту назначаются контрольные точки сроков.

• Завершающим этапом разработки сайта под ключ является, конечно же, тестирование.

Веб-дизайн сайта должен адекватно выглядеть в различных браузерах, особенно в браузерах Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Chrome и Opera.

Процесс тестирования может включать в себя самые разнообразные проверки: вид страницы с увеличенными шрифтами, при разных размерах окна браузера, при отсутствии флэш-плеера и многие другие. Обнаруженные ошибки отправляются на исправление до тех пор, пока не будут устранены.

• Размещение сайта в Интернет

Файлы сайта размещают на сервере провайдера и производят нужные настройки. На этом этапе сайт пока закрыт для посетителей.

• Наполнение контентом и публикация

Сайт наполняют контентом — текстами, изображениями, файлами для скачивания и т. д. Иногда тексты составляются специалистом студии, иногда контентом занимается ответственное лицо со стороны заказчика. Это решается на этапе составления технического задания

Внутренняя SEO-оптимизация.

Связана с некоторыми изменениями самого сайта. Начинается она с определения семантического ядра. Здесь определяются такие ключевые слова, которые привлекут наиболее заинтересованных посетителей, по которым выиграть конкуренцию проще. Затем эти слова вносятся на сайт. Тексты, ссылки, другие теги адаптируются так, чтобы поисковые системы могли их успешно находить по ключевым словам.

• Внешняя SEO-оптимизация.

Сводится, как правило, к построению структуры входящих ссылок. Это собственно и есть раскрутка. К разработке сайта внешняя SEO-оптимизация не имеет отношения.

Unit XIV

Videoconferencing

1. Before you read the text, talk about these questions:

What is videoconferencing?

What can video conferencing be used for?

Video conferencing is an interactive communication technology which allows two or more users to interact using video and audio. It brings people face-to-face virtually as users see and hear each other by using a computer, webcam, microphone and broadband Internet.

Video conferencing is mainly seen as an advantage because it saves time and money on travelling. It allows business executives and their staff to keep in touch around the world. However, video conferencing can be used in a number of ways. For instance, product training for employees and clients, giving evidence in a courtroom, presentations and castings for television production.

From: James Roberts

To: Mike Thomson

Subject: Purchase Request

Dear Mr. Thomson,

At present we travel a lot to meet with our business partners. I propose that we use videoconferencing instead. It saves time and reduces costs. We only need a webcam to do basic videoconferencing. However, a dedicated system is even better. It allows us to do multipoint videoconferences. And it supports document sharing. It also has an echo-cancellation feature. The system comes with a camera and TV monitor. It also comes with a codec, but we need to order a video bridge separately. We also need to make sure we have high bandwidth Internet access. Still, it offers big savings. Let me know your thoughts.

With best regards,

Mike Thomson.

2. Mark the sentences as True or False:

1. Videoconferencing reduces travelling time and cost.

2. The dedicated system comes with a video bridge.

3. Videoconferencing works best with low bandwidth Internet access.

3. Fill in the blanks with the correct words and phrases from the word bank:

1. My computer isn’t working. No images are showing on the ……….. .

2. Let’s purchase a …….. . it comes with everything we need for videoconferencing.

3. Only I can edit the report. The videoconference system does not allow …… .

4. You can’t hold a multipoint videoconference without a ……. .

5. The ………feature eliminates unwanted sound during a videoconference.

6. I want a face-to-face meeting. Let’s hold a …….. .

4. Write a word that is similar in meaning to the underlined part:

1. A high amount of information that a network sends and receives helps images load quickly on the Internet.

2. To set up a videoconference system, first connect the equipment that codes and reads signals.

3. John attached a camera that broadcasts sounds and video on the Internet.

4. Our offices can hold a videoconference among people in different locations.

5. Write the instruction how to prepare, organize and hold a video conference.

6. Practice of translation. Translate the following text into Russian:

• With RADVISION’s PC based SCOPIA Desktop, you don’t need to go to “the conference room” to have a conference.   SCOPIA Desktop easily extends a room system conferencing application to remote and desktop users for voice, video and data communications. Take conferencing “where you go” – instead of being told “where to go!” SCOPIA Desktop is designed to meet the demands of high performance video conferencing with a standard PC and Internet connection.  It includes the latest in video technology providing HD H.264 for viewing both meeting participants and data collaboration. Its audio system provides echo cancellation, background noise suppression, and is highly resilient to network errors common on the Internet. SCOPIA Desktop is a simple web browser plug-in that is centrally managed and deployed without complex licensing fees or installation issues. Simply click on a link and in moments you are ready to go. Include tele-workers in meetings, participate in video conferences from the road, collaborate with partners and suppliers and seamlessly connect through firewalls.

• Video Network Management iVIEW Suite provides a comprehensive management solution for voice and video collaborative communications. Efficiently manage and monitor a video network to ensure efficient bandwidth utilization, easy meeting scheduling, management and control for an optimal, high quality video communications experience. iVIEW delivers full Gatekeeper functionality, complementing RADVISION’s SCOPIA video network infrastructure and MCUs.

7. Practice of translation. Translate the following text into English:

«Что такое видеоконференция? Зачем она нужна? Какова эффективность видеоконференций и основные преимущества использования этой технологии?» – эти и другие вопросы задают многие, кто впервые сталкивается с понятием видеосвязи. Определение видеоконференции (videoconference), которое дает нам Википедия, звучит так: Видеоконференции— это телекоммуникационные технологии, обеспечивающие двустороннюю передачу голоса и изображения двух и более абонентов на расстояние, позволяя им слышать и видеть друг друга в режиме реального времени.

Computer vocabulary Part I

Affiliate An affiliate is a person or business that directs Internet traffic to a business’s website in exchange for a percentage of sales.

Appearance Appearance is the way that a web page looks.

Attachment An attachment is a file that sent with an email.

Bandwidth Bandwidth is a measurement of the amount of information that a computer network can send or receive. High bandwidth allows images and websites to load quickly on the Internet.

Banner A banner is a rectangular graphic on a website that advertises a business.

Brick and mortar A brick and mortar is a business that operates in a physical location instead of online.

Case A case is an enclosure that holds the computer’s components.

CAT-5 cables CAT-5 cables are the standard cables that connect computers to networks.

Cell A cell is a unit of a spreadsheet that holes a piece of information.

Cell phone A cell phone is a telephone that you take with you to make calls anywhere.

Certificate authority A certificate authority creates, offers and verifies reliable digital certificates.

Clip art Clip art is electronic artwork that can be used in publications.

Code Code is a set of words and signs that give instructions to a computer.

Codec А codec is a piece of videoconferencing equipment. It codes signals that go out and reads signals that come in.

Coding Coding is the programming language that makes up a website.

Compatibility Compatibility is the ability of one program or file to work with a different program.

Comprehensive layout A comprehensive layout is a nearly complete version of a publication.

Computer A computer is an electronic device that manipulates data.

Configuration The configuration of a network is the group of settings that control how information is sent and received on a network.

Content Content is the material on a web page, including text and graphics.

Contrast Contrast is the amount of difference between the dark areas and light areas of an image.

Crop To crop is to cut off unwanted parts of an image.

CSS CSS (cascading style sheets) is a simple language that decides how a web page looks.

Cycle To cycle a device on a network means to turn it off and then turn it on again or to unplug it from its power source.

Data Data are numbers that can be entered into a computer.

Data processing Data processing is the act of entering, using or manipulating data with computers.

Database A database is a large group of data organized in a computer system. It allows you to search and find information easily.

Dedicated system A dedicated system includes all necessary components of videoconferencing together as a set.

Desktop A computer desktop is everything that a user sees on a computer screen.

Desktop computer A desktop computer is a computer that is small enough to use at a desk, but too big to carry around.

Desktop publishing software Desktop publishing software is a computer program that is used to make page layouts.

Desktop publishing Desktop publishing is art of using computers to design finished, printed documents.

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) The DHCP is a system for computer networks to receive IP addresses and other configuration information.

Digital certificate A digital certificate is an electronic document that proves an online business or person is who that business or person claims to be.

Disk drive A disk drive reads information from a magnetic disc.

Document A document is a file created on a word processing program.

Document sharing Document sharing is a feature of some videoconferencing systems. It allows everyone participating in the videoconference to look at and edit the same document.

Domain name A domain name is a set of words and letters that identify a company or address on the Internet.

Drag To drag files, folders or icons is to move them around on a desktop.

E-commerce E-commerce is the purchase or sale of items on the Internet.

Echo-cancellation Echo-cancellation is a process that reduces the amount of echo heard by participants of a videoconference.

Electronic page An electronic page is a computerized version of a piece of paper.

Electronic page Electronic page is a special digital screen that can be read like paper.

Electrostatic printing Electrostatioc printing is a method that uses the forces of electricity to print.

E-mail address An e-mail address is a location to which electronic messages can be delivered.

Email client An email client is a program that receives, sends and stores email on a computer.

Encoding Encoding is the act of changing data so that no one can read it until it is changed again.

Expansion cards expansion cards are extra circuit boards that are used to increase the functions of a computer.

Exposure An exposure is the length of time film is open to light when taking a picture.

Fan A fan moves cool air onto computer components inside the case.

FAQs FAQs (Frequently asked questions) are a set of questions and answers that are provided on a website to provide users with the information that users commonly want to know.

Field A field is a category in a database that holds a particular type of information.

Folder A folder holds and organizes files and documents on a computer.

Font Font is the style of the typed characters on a document.

Format A format is a file’s type. Different files might not work in different programs.

Formatting Formatting is the design of the words on a document.

Formula A formula is any mathematical calculation that you perform in a spreadsheet.

Function A function is a mathematical instruction that performs a specific calculation in a spreadsheet, such as adding a set of values.

Functionality Functionality is the ability of different elements of a website to work together.

Graphic communications Graphic communications is the study of sending and receiving visual messages.

Graphic editing program A graphic editing program is a computer program that lets you change different aspects of an image.

Graphical User Interface A graphical user interface (GUI) is an operating system that uses icons to represent programs and files and allow to access to them.

Graphics Grafics are images on a computer, in a book or magazine, etc.

Handheld PC A handheld PC is a computer that is smaller, slower and less powerful than a laptop and used to browse the Internet and check email.

Hard drive A hard drive stores data electronically.

Hardware Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer.

Heat sink A heat sink transfers heat away from nearby components of a computer.

HTML HTML (Hypertext Makeup Language) is a computer language that is used to construct web sites on the Internet.

http An http is a part of an Internet address that allows a computer to connect to the site.

Hyperlink A hyperlink is a word or image on a web page that you can click on to go to a different web page.

Icon An icon is a picture that represents something on a computer.

Information security Information security is the act or process of keeping information safe and preventing others from seeing it.

Internet The Internet is a worldwide network of computers.

IP (Internet Protocol) address An IP address is a group of numbers that identify a computer on a network.

ISP An ISP (Internet Service Provider) is a company that gives its customers access to the Internet, email addresses and data storage.

JPEG JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) is a kind of computer file used it to store pictures on a computer.

Keyboard A keyboard is a set of buttons that is used to enter information into a computer.

Laptop A laptop is a computer that is small enough for you to carry around and use anywhere.

Layout Layout is the way that items are arranged on a document.

LCD An LSD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of display that is created by liquid crystals and that is used in thin monitors.

Local area network A local area network is a network that connects a small group of computers.

Macro A macro is a short keystroke that performs a predetermined action.

Mainframe A mainframe is a very powerful computer that can process large amounts of data.

Maximize To maximize a window is to make it fill an entire computer screen or desktop.

Meta tag A meta tag is text that is used in the codes of a web page to provide information about the site to search engines.

Microphone A microphone is a device that is used to record sound.

Minimize To minimize a window is to make it leave the screen without closing the window.

Monitor A monitor is a screen that displays text, video, or images.

Motherboard A motherboard is a firm slotted board onto which computer circuitry is attached.

Mouse A mouse is a small device that is used to move the cursor and select items on a computer screen.

Multipoint videoconference A multipoint videoconference is a videoconference among people in three or more different locations.

Navigation Navigation is the at of using and finding things on a website.

Network A network is a group of computers that are connected in order to share data or communicate.

Offset lithography Offset lithography is a common form of printing.

Online If a computer is online; it is connected to the Internet.

Operating system (OP) The operating system is the software that controls a computer.

Operator An operator is a symbol in a formula that performs a particular calculation, such as a plus sign (+).

Page layout Page layout is the process of arranging the text and graphics on a page.

Page view A page view is a request from a computer to load a page of a web site. They can be counted to analyze the number of people viewing a website.

Password A password is a set of letters and/or numbers that allow someone to use or access something on a computer.

PDA A PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) is a small computer that is used to organize a person’s schedules and information.

Peripheral A peripheral is a device that can be connected to a computer.

Pixel A pixel is one of the small dots that make up an image on a computer or television screen.

Pointer A pointer is a small arrow that lets a user choose what to do on a computer.

POP3 A POP3 (Post Office Protocol) is a small method that allows computer users to receive email from a server.

Power supply A power supply delivers electricity to all parts of a computer.

Printer A printer is a device that is used by a computer to transfer ink onto paper.

Processor A processor carries out the instructions of computer programs.

Quality assurance Quality assurance is the act of checking products or problems.

Query A query is a search that locates all information of a specific type in a database.

RAM RAM (Random Access Memory) is memory that can be quickly accessed.

Resize To resize is to make an image on a computer bigger or smaller.

Resolution Resolution is the ability of a computer or camera to produce a clear and detailed image.

Router A router is a device that allows more than one computer to connect to a network at the same time.

Scanner A scanner is a device that is used for transferring printed documents and pictures into a computer system.

Search engine A search engine is a computer program that allows people to search for particular information, products, etc. on the Internet.

Server A server is a computer that connects many computers to hardware.

Shopping cart A shopping cart is a part of an online store that displays items that a customer has selected for purchase, but has not yet paid for.

Shortcut A shortcut is an icon that has been moved to a desktop to make opening a file or program easier.

Software Software is a program or introduction that makes a computer perform a specific task.

Sort To sort is to arrange the information in a database in a specific way.

Spell check Spell check is a function that reviews a document for spelling errors.

Spreadsheet A spreadsheet is a computer program that organizes information and performs calculations.

STMP An SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is a method that allows computer users to send emails to other users.

Supercomputer A supercomputer is a large computer that is built to process large amounts of information at a higher speed than other computers can handle.

Table A table is a single collection or arrangement of information in a database.

Technical support Technical support is the task of helping people use and understand technology.

Template A template is blank layout for certain types of documents.

Tint A tint is a small amount of a color in something.

Touch screen A touch screen is a monitor that lets users interact with the computer by touching the screen.

Traffic Traffic is the total number of users that go to and view a website in a certain amount of time.

URL A URL (Uniform Resource Locator) is the text and symbols that form a web address.

Usability Usability is how easy it is for a person to use a website.

USB USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a commonly used type of connection or port to connect a peripheral to a computer.

Username A username is a name or code that identifies a person on a computer and allows that person to access his or her files.

Video bridge A video bridge is a device that allows you to hold multipoint videoconferences. It connects calls from several different locations.

Videoconference A videoconference is a meeting or conversation between two or more people in different locations using computer technology.

Visibility Visibility is how easily people find a website using search engine, based on how many other websites link to it.

Web browser A web browser is a computer program that allows to look at web pages on the Internet.

Web design Web design is the act or practice of determining how a website looks.

Web development Web development is the act or practice of determining how a website works.

Web host A web host is a company that provides the space for a web site on the Internet.

Web site A web site is a collection of related pages on the Internet that contains information, pictures, etc. and is usually published by a person, group, or company.

Webcam A webcam is a small camera that connects to a computer. It broadcasts sound and video on the Internet.

Webmail Webmail is an email service that people access through a web browser, and which sends and receives email but doesn’t store it on the computers.

Window A window is a rectangle on the desktop of a computer monitor that displays a file or program. Its contents are independent of the desktop screen.

Wireless Local Area Network (WNAN) A wireless local area network is a network that connects computers to a network without cables.

Word processing program People use word processing program to write on computers.

Worksheet A worksheet is a single page of a spreadsheet.

Workstation A workstation is a very fast compute that runs powerful work programs.

www The www(World Wide Web) is the system of web pages, information, pictures, etc. that is available on the Internet.