Increase, manage, influence, ignite, earn, develop, produce, strengthen, acquire, solve, reduce, attend, lay off, contribute to, adapt to.

………………………self-confidence …………………….smb’s developing …………………….smb’s career path ……………………………an interest …………………..school/ programme ………………………………a degree ………………………………….a job ……………………less qualified staff

…………………………………skills …………………………….outcomes …………………………...knowledge …………………………smb’s ability …………………………….a problem …………………………smb’s money ……………………………...expenses ……………………a difficult situation

Ex. 4. Translate.

1. I got my first degree in philology and then I switched over to the field of museum studies.

2. I have a master’s degree in museum management.

3. I left England to go to Canada to be a student of advanced botany. In Canada I earned the degree of Master’s of Science and also Doctor of Philosophy.

4. I attended a college in Arizona for my bachelor’s degree and my master’s degree. Then I got my doctoral degree at the University of Hawaii.

5. I am twenty-six years old and have just completed my master’s degree in science. And I’m going to begin my Ph. D. program next September in Canada.

6. I have graduate degrees from the American University and the University of Maiami in Florida.

7. Я имею степень кандидата наук, что соответствует (сorrespond) степени доктора философии в вашей стране.

8. Я надеюсь получить степень магистра в ближайшие два года.

9. В нашей стране степень доктора наук не является почетной степенью (honorary degree). Она предусматривает (require) написание диссертации и публикацию монографии.

10. В России ученая степень (research degree) доктора наук является высшей. Многие ученые, имеющие эту степень, являются профессорами.

Ex. 5. Read through the vocabulary list and fill in the gaps in the dialogues below.

apply – ask officially for a place at a university/ college, a job, a grant, etc. apply to Saint Petersburg State University f Culture and Arts apply for a place at Saint Petersburg State University f Culture and Arts application – the act of applying, or the request itself to fill in a application form applicant – a person who applies for smth be admitted to a university – formal style be accepted by a university – less formal style get in to a university – more colloquial. enter – begin to study in formal style NB: enter is rarely if ever used in the sense of поступать. Apply should be used, not enter!

1. – My brother didn’t get in to the university.

– Oh, that’s a pity. Is he going to …………. next year?

2. – Ann didn’t get in to the Day Department.

– Is she going to …………….the Evening Department?

3. – Alex hasn’t finished his thesis on time because he was ill for nearly three months.

– In that case he can ……… an extension.

4. – There’s an interesting job advertised in the paper. It’s in my field, too.

– Well, why don’t you …………?

5. – I want to work as a guide in summer.

– Well, be sure to …………… by May 31.

6. – Do you know how I can get an American visa?

– Yes. You have to go to the consulate and fill in an ………….. form.

7. – Jennie can’t go to classes because of the baby.

– Well, she’d better ……………. a year off.

8. – Has Peter got the job?

– Unfortunately, no. There were ten ……………. for this position. He failed his interview.

9. – Peter is receiving his master’s degree in a week.

– It’s high time! If I’m not mistaken, he ………….. the Academy in 2005.

Ex. 6. Replace the underlined words by the appropriate form of get in (to).

1. - My sister wants to go to university.

- Oh yes? Do you think she’ll be accepted?

2. Did Peter get a place in Museum Studies Department?

3. John applied to the Royal College of Music but he was unsuccessful.

4. Jennie is very clever. She was accepted the first time she applied.

5. It’s very difficult to get a place at the Institute of Foreign Relations, anyway I’d like to apply.

Ex. 7. Play out a dialogue with your neighbor.

1. Why did you apply to the ………………….. Department?

2. ……………………………………………………………..

1. Did you get in the first time you applied?

2. ……………………………………………………………..

1. What did you have to do in order to get a place here?

2. ……(describe the procedure).……………………………..

1. What year are you in now?

2. ……………………………………………………………..

1. How long is your course?

2. ……………………………………………………………..

A. Would you like to go through a study abroad program? Your English is good.

B. Yes, I would like to study in another country for a semester or two just see the world a little bit but I don’t know how I can do it.

A. You should visit the study abroad office at our university to see if they have any specific programs that they work with or make your search in the Internet. Check the European Commission webpage http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/programme/about_erasmus_mundus_en.php or visit http://www.eu-student.eu. Both sites are good to start with.

SKILLS

Step 1. Read the information below about advanced degree programs in the UK and the USA. It will give you the idea of some general requirements for such programs.

Step. 2. Browse the following web sites:

http://www.masterstudies.com/

http://www.findamasters.com

http://studylink.co.uk/

Choose one of the master’s programs that match your professional interests.

Step 3. Using the official website of the college which runs the selected program, prepare a short presentation of five to seven minutes about the program. Use the following plan:

• Name of the program and the university/ college it runs (give reasons for your preference)

• Program description

• Duration and price

• Admission process

• Curriculum

Postgraduate programs in the UK³⁰

The wide range of UK postgraduate courses on offer gives students great flexibility. They can start by enrolling on a postgraduate diploma course (PG Dip), then transfer to a master's degree, or begin by taking an MRes (master of research), which could lead on to a PhD. The decision is always theirs.

If a student’s qualifications or English language skills do not quite match the standard required for a UK master's degree, he/ she may need to take a pre-master's course. It can last from one term to a complete academic year and cover academic study, cultural instruction and language training.

Full-time postgraduate courses in the UK vary from one year to four years, depending on the type of course a student chooses. Postgraduate certificates and diplomas (PG Cert/Dip) are one-year taught postgraduate courses that don't usually involve research. They are often accepted as professional qualifications. Taught master's courses (MA, MSc, etc.) generally last for one year and consist of two elements. Students should complete a number of modules (attending lectures and seminars, writing essays and taking examinations) and produce a dissertation from original research. On a master's degree by research (MRes, MPhil) in the UK, students typically do not attend lectures; instead they devote the entire year to research. The final mark will be determined by the quality of a submitted dissertation. 

A PhD, also known as a doctorate, takes three to four years to complete, during which time students work on a single research project. In their final year, they should present a dissertation of approximately 100,000 words.

Whatever UK postgraduate course you study, most of the work you do will be on your own initiative, which really develops your thinking and research skills. On taught courses, postgraduate tutors and lecturers provide the framework of the course, but students are encouraged to pursue their own interests. Within postgraduate research programs, the principal teaching method is original research, completed under academic supervision.

Postgraduate programs in the US³¹

The M.A. and other professional Master’s degrees require a minimum of one academic year. More often 18 months or two years are needed. Although requirements for advanced degrees vary far more than for the Bachelor’s degree, some number of course credits are always required. The Master’s degree will usually require a minimum of about 30 credits up to a maximum of 60 credits, and an average grade of “B.”

The Doctorate Degree covers many fields of specialization and requires a minimum of two to four years of study after the Master’s degree. Most graduate schools do not require that a student fulfill the specific requirements for the Master’s degree before becoming a candidate for the Doctor’s degree, although many students find it desirable to do so. Doctorates in Education, Science and Law are sometimes labeled Ed.D., Sc.D., Jur.D., but most doctorates are known as Ph.D. (Doctor of Philosophy) degrees.

To obtain a Ph.D. degree or other doctorate the university generally requires that a student:

• Earn a certain number of credits in a required distribution of courses.

• Maintain an average grade of B.

• Pass a qualifying comprehensive examination after completion of the required courses.

• Pass examinations in one or more foreign languages.

• Present and defend a thesis which is the result of original research.

• Pass an oral examination.

Students wishing to take courses without enrolling for a degree may apply to register as “special students”. Non-degree students do not have access to all the facilities that degree students are able to use, such as limited access to library and computer facilities, and often there is a limitation on the number of credits they can take.

American degrees, both undergraduate and graduate, are earned on the basis of the number of courses successfully taken. Each course earns “credits” or “units”, which are known as credit hours. The number of credits earned by each course relates to the number of hours of classroom work involved, but does not necessarily correspond exactly. For instance, a course meeting three times a week for an hour (actually 50 minutes) each time may be expected to give a student three hours credit for the semester or term. On the other hand, an intensive seminar may meet once a week for two hours and also be a three-credit course. The graduate student program, known as an “academic load”, is normally 9-12 units. 

Students are graded on course work completed, and most colleges and universities use letter grades as follows: A (= 4.0) being excellent or outstanding; B (= 3.0) means above average; C (= 2.0), average; D (= 1.0), below average; and F, failing.  Some schools may also use the “Pass/Fail” grading system in which there are only two possible grades. The student either passes and receives credit for the course or fails and receives no credit. Many schools combine both the “Pass/Fail Option” with the conventional grading system. In this case, a student may take a certain number of courses for a Pass or Fail grade, and his other courses using the conventional A – F grading system.

UNIT 7.

Conducting Research

STARTING UP

Ex. 1. Look at these sayings. What do they mean? Which of the ideas do you agree with?

• Scientific research consists in seeing what everyone else has seen, but thinking what no one else has thought.

Albert Szent-Györgyi (1893 – 1986), Hungarian physiologist

• If we knew what we were doing, it wouldn’t be research.

Albert Einstein (1879 – 1955), German physicist

• To write it, it took three months; to conceive it three minutes; to collect the data in it all my life.

F. Scott Fitzgerald (1896 – 1840), American writer

Ex. 2. Which of the words and phrases below express your idea of research best?

reliable time-taking challenging

original expensive useful

academic high-risk accurate

helpful to the society complicated applicable to market problems

Ex. 3. Discuss the questions.

1. How do people become scientists? Do many people become scientists? Why so? What features should a scientist possess? Use the following words to help you

inquisitive

explorative

intelligent

analytical

creative

persistent

2. Think about human curiosity? Does it have limits? Should it have? Who is more curious – a scientist or a child?

3. What is the difference between a scientist and a researcher? Is a researcher also a scientist or is a scientist a researcher? Is a researcher something more than a scientist, or just a type of scientist?

4. Should societies support and care in a special way about these two categories of their members? Why?