- •Vocabulary
- •Why bother reading scientific papers?
- •Two Types of Scientific Papers Containing Two Types of Information
- •The Parts and Uses of Research Articles
- •Abstract
- •Introduction
- •References
- •Give a Book a Good Critical Reading
- •Materials and Methods
- •Results
- •Discussion
- •Vocabulary
- •What is an Abstract?
- •What Should Be in an Abstract?
- •How to Structure an Abstract
- •Sample descriptive annotation
- •Sample critical annotation
- •What is the purpose of an abstract? And of an annotation?
- •Write an abstract for your bachelor paper and a critical annotation for a book or article recently read. Follow the instructions given in the text above.
- •Vocabulary13
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Instructor, degree, native, conversation, incorporate, dissertations, rank, master’s degree, Ph.D., tenure, lifetime, faculty, scholars, lectures, curriculum.
- •Vocabulary
- •Increase, manage, influence, ignite, earn, develop, produce, strengthen, acquire, solve, reduce, attend, lay off, contribute to, adapt to.
- •Vocabulary
- •I dioms
- •Invaluable, generate, address, multifaceted, shortlist, satisfactorily, current state, target, detailed, manually, question, conduct.
- •Prepare a short presentation of five to seven minutes about your studies (undergraduate and postgraduate) and research. Follow the plan below.
- •International Professional Associations
- •Vocabulary
- •Value of Professional Organizations
- •Ex. 5. Work with a partner. Discuss the benefits of joining a professional organization using the ideas below43.
- •International Professional Contacts: Conferences
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •Vocabulary
- •How can you avoid plagiarism?
- •Ex. 5. Match the classes of assessment for the ma dissertation given in the box to their criteria60.
- •Vocabulary
- •University of Wisconsin - Madison Position Vacancy Listing
- •We promote excellence through diversity and encourage all qualified individuals to apply.
- •International Professional Associations
- •International Professional Contacts: Conferences
Vocabulary
COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
Ex. 1. Infer or imply? Read the information10 in the box and underline the correct word in the sentences below.
Infer means "to deduce, reason," and imply means "to hint at, suggest." A speaker or writer implies, a hearer or reader infers; implications are incorporated in statements, while inferences are deduced from statements. Imply means "suggest indirectly that something is true," while infer means "conclude or deduce something is true". Remember that imply and infer can be used to describe the same event but from different points of view. Compare: 1. He implied that the General had been a traitor. [presented from the writer’s/speaker’s perspective who doesn’t actually claim that the General had betrayed his country]. 2. I inferred from his words that the General had been a traitor. [presented from the listener’s perspective who deduced from the General’s words that he was in fact a traitor] To infer is used in the construction 'to infer something from something': To imply is normally followed by a clause.
|
I inferred/ implied from what my advisor said that I had failed the test.
Are you implying/ inferring that I was responsible for handing out the conference invitations?
The reader can easily infer/imply from the first ten pages that the protagonist will have been killed by the end of the novel.
Am I right to infer/ imply you think my husband owns the gun that killed the policeman? Is that what you're implying/ inferring?
The report implies/ infers that the number of children with autism might double in five years.
I did not mean to imply/infer that there is any reason to justify his behavior.
From the speech of the President, the audience can infer/ imply that Russia will improve its position globally in the nearest future.
“Reading between the lines” is what we usually mean by inferring/ implying.
READING
Abstracts and Annotations11
What is an Abstract?
An abstract is a short statement about your research article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or project designed to give the reader a complete, yet concise, understanding of your paper’s research and findings. It gives a thorough overview of your paper or project. In journal articles, research papers, and patents, an abstract is a short summary placed prior to the introduction, often set apart from the body of the text, sometimes with different line justification (as a block or pull quote) from the rest of the article.
Scientific literature takes widespread advantage of the abstract as the abbreviated style of choice in order to aptly communicate complex research. In science, an abstract may act as a stand-alone entity in lieu of the paper as well. As such, an abstract is used by many organizations as the basis for selecting research that is proposed for presentation in the form of a poster, podium/lecture, or workshop presentation at an academic conference. Most literature database search engines index abstracts only as opposed to providing the entire text of the paper. Full-texts of scientific papers must often be purchased because of copyright and/or publisher fees, and therefore the abstract is a significant selling point for the reprint or electronic version of the full-text. Abstracts are not public domain or open-source unless stated by the publisher. Therefore, abstracts are afforded protections under copyright law in many states just as any other form of written speech is protected. However, publishers of scientific articles invariably make abstracts publicly available, even when the article itself is protected by a toll barrier.