- •The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
- •The grammatical structure of English language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •Language as a system and structure. Levels
- •Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •The morphemic structure of the word as a language unit.
- •Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
- •Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
- •The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •Parts of speech. Different approaches to the system of parts of speech in Modem English.
- •Criteria for classification of words into parts of speech in Modem English: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech
- •The Noun as a part of speech, its grammatical categories. The category of number and its peculiarities in Modem English.
- •The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modem English
- •The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.
- •The Adjective as a part of speech. Problems concerning the category of degrees of comparison in Modem English.The Stative.
- •Substuntivisation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns
- •The Verb. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude
- •The Verb. The category of tense. The problem of existence of morphological future tense
- •21. The Verb.The category of aspect. Aspect opposition
- •22. The category of voice and its peculiarities in English
- •The problem of so-called Reflexive, Reciprocal and Middle voice in Modern English
- •The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
- •25. The verb. The category of person and number.
- •26. The Perfect forms in Modern English. Divergent views concerning the essence of the Perfect forms.
- •27. Syntax as a part of grammar. The main concepts of syntax.
- •28. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •29. The phrase and the problem of its definition. The main distinctive features of the phrase as compared with those of the word and the sentence.
- •30. Nominal word combinations. Noun phrase with pre-posed and post-posed adjuncts.
- •31. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements
- •32. Means of expressing syntactical relations between the components of subordinate phrases
- •33. The sentence and the problem of its definitions. The main essential features of the sentence. Implicit predication.
- •34. Classification of sentence acc. To the purpose of utterance and acc. To their structure. Two- member and one-member sentences.
- •35. Simple sentence. Principle, secondary and detached parts of the sent.
- •36. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.The theme and the rheme.
- •37. The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •38. The composite sentence and the problem of coordination and subordination.
- •39. The criteria for classification of subordinate clauses.
- •SubjectandPredicateClauses:
- •2. Object Clauses:
- •3. Attributive Clauses
- •40. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
- •According to their origin:
- •According to their function:
- •Classification
- •44. Indirect speech acts.
According to their function:
initiating speech acts - questions or requests
reacting speech acts - confirmations or answers
The differentiation of initiating and reacting speech acts is not an easy task because most speech acts perform both functions in the process of communication.
Classification
J. L. AUSTIN (the founder of the speech act theory) distinguishes three kinds of speech acts:
a) locutionary acts is an act of saying something in the full sense of the word say.
b) illocutionary acts is an act performed in saying something. It realizes the intent of die speaker, such as asking or answering a question, giving some information or an assurance or a warning, announcing a verdict or an intention, pronouncing sentence, making an appointment or an appeal or a criticism, and so on.
c) perlocutionary acts is an act performed as a result of saying. Here we deal with the effects of the communication on the addressee. For example, by making a promise a speaker may reassure and create expectations in his audience.
We may always deny that a particular perlocutionary act was intended by saying things like:
Didn't mean to embarrass you.
I was simply stating a fact.
THE PRODUCT OF A SPEECH ACT IS AN UTTERANCE
In issuing an utterance, the speaker performs the three acts simultaneously.
J. R SEARLE (speech act classification)
commissive |
declarative |
directive |
expressive |
representative |
a speech act that commits the speaker to doing something in the future, such as a promise or a threat. |
a speech act which changes the state of affairs in the world. |
a speech act that has the function of getting the listener to do something, such as a suggestion, a request, or a command. |
a speech act in which the speaker expresses feelings and attitudes about something, such as an apology, a complaint, or to thank someone, to congratulate someone. |
a speech act which describes states or events in the world, such as an assertion, a claim, a report. |
Ex.: If you don't stop fighting I'll call the police, (threat) I'll take you to the movies tomorrow. (promise) |
Ex.: During the wedding ceremony the act of marriage is performed when the phrase I now pronounce you man and wife is uttered. |
Ex.: Please sit down. Why don f you close the window. |
Ex.: The meal was delicious. |
Ex.: This is a German car. (the assertion) |
44. Indirect speech acts.
INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS when a sentence characterized by formal features of some pragmatic type in speech acquires illocutionary power of sentences of another type.
Indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests.
Ex.:
A speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and another replies, “I have class.”
The second speaker used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the literal meaning of "/ have class" does not entail any sort of rejection.
TYPICAL CASES
Types: constativeoffertive
quesitiverequestive
constativerequestive
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Examples: It is rather cool here. (Please close the window.) Do you have any cash on you? (Please lend me some.) There is some chocolate on the tea table. (Have some.)
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A sentence used transpositionally still retains its original meaning. The two meanings co-exist, the indirect one being layered upon the original one.