- •The subject of theoretical grammar, it’s purpose..
- •The grammatical structure of English language.
- •Morphology and syntax as two main parts of grammar.
- •Language as a system and structure. Levels
- •Systemic relations in language. Syntagmatic relations.
- •Systemic relations in language. Paradigmatic relations.
- •Linguistic units and their peculiarities.
- •The morphemic structure of the word as a language unit.
- •Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
- •Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
- •The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
- •Parts of speech. Different approaches to the system of parts of speech in Modem English.
- •Criteria for classification of words into parts of speech in Modem English: semantic, formal and functional. Notional and functional parts of speech
- •The Noun as a part of speech, its grammatical categories. The category of number and its peculiarities in Modem English.
- •The category of case. Different approaches to the category of case in Modem English
- •The problem of gender in English. Personal pronouns as gender indicators of nouns.
- •The Adjective as a part of speech. Problems concerning the category of degrees of comparison in Modem English.The Stative.
- •Substuntivisation of adjectives and adjectivization of nouns
- •The Verb. Finite and non-finite forms of the verb. The category of finitude
- •The Verb. The category of tense. The problem of existence of morphological future tense
- •21. The Verb.The category of aspect. Aspect opposition
- •22. The category of voice and its peculiarities in English
- •The problem of so-called Reflexive, Reciprocal and Middle voice in Modern English
- •The category of mood. The problem of mood opposition. Mood and modality
- •25. The verb. The category of person and number.
- •26. The Perfect forms in Modern English. Divergent views concerning the essence of the Perfect forms.
- •27. Syntax as a part of grammar. The main concepts of syntax.
- •28. Basic syntactic notions: syntactic units, syntactic relations, syntactic connections.
- •29. The phrase and the problem of its definition. The main distinctive features of the phrase as compared with those of the word and the sentence.
- •30. Nominal word combinations. Noun phrase with pre-posed and post-posed adjuncts.
- •31. Verbal word combinations. Types of verbal complements
- •32. Means of expressing syntactical relations between the components of subordinate phrases
- •33. The sentence and the problem of its definitions. The main essential features of the sentence. Implicit predication.
- •34. Classification of sentence acc. To the purpose of utterance and acc. To their structure. Two- member and one-member sentences.
- •35. Simple sentence. Principle, secondary and detached parts of the sent.
- •36. The utterance. Informative structure of the utterance.The theme and the rheme.
- •37. The utterance. Communicative and pragmatic types of utterances.
- •38. The composite sentence and the problem of coordination and subordination.
- •39. The criteria for classification of subordinate clauses.
- •SubjectandPredicateClauses:
- •2. Object Clauses:
- •3. Attributive Clauses
- •40. Text as a syntactic unit. Coherence, cohesion and deixis as the main features of the text.
- •41. Textual connective devices. Reiterations, collocation, endophoric relations.
- •42.Pragmatic approach to the study of language units.
- •43. Speech Act Theory. Classifications of speech acts.
- •According to their origin:
- •According to their function:
- •Classification
- •44. Indirect speech acts.
The word as the smallest naming unit and the main unit of morphology.
A word is a unit of language that carries meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together. Typically a word will consist of a root or stem and zero or more affixes. Words can be combined to create phrases, clauses and sentences. A word consisting of two or more stems joined together is called a compound. As the word is the main unit of traditional grammatical theory, it serves the basis of the distinction which is frequently "drawn between morpfiology and syntax. Morphology deals with the internal structure of words, peculiarities of their grammatical categories and their semantics while traditional syntax deals with the rules governing combination of words in sentences (and texts in modern linguistics). We can therefore say that the word is the main unit of morphology. It is difficult to arrive at a one-sentence definition of such a complex linguistic unit as the word. It is also the basic nominative unit of language with the help of which the naming function of language is realized. One of the most characteristic features of the word is its indivisibility. As any other linguistic unit the word is a bilateral entity. It unites a conceptand a sound image and thus has two sides - the content and expression sides: concept and sound form.
Lexical and grammatical aspects of the word. Types of grammatical meanings
O.S. Akhmanovadefineslexical meaning as the realization of notion, emotion or relation by means of the language system. Lexical meaning is a complex thing based on the procedure of reflecting the reality in a person’s mind. It is a specific kind of “content” produced (or engendered) by the reverberation of objective reality in the human consciousness which constitutes the inner structure of linguistic units with respect to which their material form is the outer structure; the material meaning of a word, i.e. the meaning of the main material part of the word, which reflects the concept the given word expresses and the basic properties of the thing (phenomenon, property, state, etc.) the word denotes.
Grammatical meaning is very abstract, very general. Thus, the grammatical form is not confined to an individual word, but unites a whole class of words, so that each word of the class expresses the corresponding grammatical meaning together with its individual, concrete semantics.Grammaticalmeaning is a general abstract meaning of classes of words which finds its expression through formal markers thus placing a linguistic unit in a grammatical category or a grammatical class of words (a part of speech).
Grammatical meaning is a system of expressing the grammatical meaning through the paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms-expressed by grammatical opposition, which can be of different types:
1)Private
2) Gradual-large-larger-largest
3)Equipollent-am is are
Explicit grammatical categories.Implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Types and kinds of oppositions
As is well-known, every science has at its disposal certain fundamental (basic) notions (categories). Grammar has such categories as the explicit morphological category of tense, voice, case, etc. Such categories are usually a reflexion of the objectively existing things, their properties and interrelations.
There is one prerequisite for existence of a category: there should be an opposition of at least two forms, otherwise the category cannot exist. The grammatical (= explicit) category of case in Modern English is based on such a minimal opposition of the Common case against the Genitive (Possessive) case. Thus, it is based on a two-member (binary) opposition. The category of tense is based on a three member (ternary) opposition of the past tense against the present and future. The category of case in Modern Ukrainian is based on the so-called multi-member (polynomic) opposition, namely: on a seven-member opposition. Grammatical oppositions are pairs of grammatical forms opposed to each other in some way (see: Ilyish, 1971: 9).
The members of an oppositions are called opposemes. The whole set of the opposemes constituting a grammatical category make up the paradigm [’pærqdaim] of the category. For instance, the past, present and future tense
opposemes make up the tense paradigm of verbs.
Besides the above mentioned explicit morphological categories there also exist the so-called implicit lexico-grammatical categories. Here belong the general implicit lexico-grammatical meanings of parts of speech (i.e., the meaning of “thingness” in nouns, the meaning of “process” in verbs, etc.); here also belong the implicit lexico-grammatical meaning of transitivity/ non-transitivity of verbs, etc. Implicit lexico-grammatical categories
have no formal (outer) expression but they influence (restrict) the realization of some explicit (formal) grammatical categories. For instance, the implicit lexico-grammatical category of countability/non-countability of nouns re206 stricts the sphere of application (use) of the explicit (morphological) category of number: as you know, uncountable nouns (non-counts) usually cannot be used in the plural form. Also the implicit lexico-grammatical category of transitivity/ non-transitivity restricts the sphere of application of the explicit
(= formal) category of voice: intransitive verbs are commonly not used in the passive voice form.
Oppositions can be classified into qualitative types:
- privative (study - studied),
- gradual (large – larger - largest),
- equipollent (am - is - are),
and by the number of opposemes into binary, ternary, quaternary, etc.