Vocabulary

significant faults – значительные недостатки

at one extreme... at the other extreme – на одном полюсе... на другом

to exercise considerable economic freedom of choice – иметь значительную экономическую свободу выбора

restriction – ограничение

whilst [wailst] (syn. while) – в то время как, пока

state-controlled industry – промышленность, контролируемая государством

to avoid disadvantages – избегать недостатков

to enjoy the benefits – иметь преимущества, пользоваться преимуществами

to interact – взаимодействовать

to solve economic problems – решать экономические проблемы

a share of the output – доля в объеме производства

essential items – товары и услуги первой необходимости

a range of businesses – зд. ряд компаний, фирм

MIXED ECONOMY

Command and market economies both have significant faults. Partly because of this, an intermediate system has developed, known as mixed economies.

A mixed economy means very much what it says as it contains elements of both market and planned economies. At one extreme we have a command economy, which does not allow individuals to make economic decisions, at the other extreme we have a free market, where individuals exercise considerable economic freedom of choice without any government restrictions. Between these two extremes lies a mixed economy. In mixed economies some resources are controlled by the government whilst others are used in response to the demands of consumers.

Technically, all the economies of the world are mixed: it is just the balance elements between market and planned elements that alter. Some countries are nearer to command economies, while others are closer to free market economies. So, for example, Hong Kong has some state-controlled industry, while Cuba has some privately owned and controlled firms.

The aim of mixed economies is to avoid the disadvantages of both systems while enjoying the benefits that they both offer. So, in a mixed economy the government and the private sector interact in solving economic problems. The state controls the share of the output through taxation and transfer payments and intervenes to supply essential items such as health, education and defence, while private firms produce cars, furniture, electrical items and similar, less essential products.

The UK is a mixed economy: some services are provided by the state (for example, health care and defence) whilst a range of privately owned businesses offer other goods and services. The Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher switched many businesses from being state-owned and controlled to being privately owned as part of its privatization programme. This has taken the UK economy further away from the planned system.

Exercises

1. Suggest the Russian equivalents

an intermediate system has developed; to supply essential items; the government controls a share of the output