В заключение предлагаем следующий общий алгоритм действий:

1. Внимательно прочитайте весь текст. Для полного понимания найдите в словаре нужные значения новых слов.

2. Сделайте черновой (рабочий) вариант перевода и отложите его в сторону. Выполните пока другие задания.

3. Вернитесь к работе над переводом, и «свежему глазу» станут виднее упущения и «корявости» черновика. Полезно проговаривать все предложения «про себя».

4. Ваш перевод должен быть выполнен грамматическими конструкциями и оборотами языка перевода. Избегайте переноса в язык перевода конструкций, оборотов и словопорядка языка оригинала.

5. Помните, что переводить с одного языка на другой – нужно не слова, а смысл предложения (текста).

2.1.4. Устные темы

Let me introduce myself

Hello, friends. Let me first introduce myself. My name is Vera. My surname or last name is Voronina. I was born on the 13^th of October in Sochi, Krasnodarsky Krai. This is the most beautiful city in Russia situated on the Black Sea coast. Now I am a first-year student at the Faculty of Economics of Rostov State University.

Now let me describe my appearance. I am tall and slim and have fair hair and blue eyes. My friends say that I am pretty. I love sports and music. I was very serious about a career in gymnastics when I was in the 4^th form. But then I broke my arm and doctors didn’t let me go in for gymnastics. I love to listen to the modern music and dance. I dance a lot and I hope I am good at it. I also love swimming. I always swim in the Black sea when I visit my parents.

I would like to tell you about my family. There are five people in our family. My father’s name is Mikhail Evgenyevich. He is a mathematician by education but works at a bank now. My mother’s name is Natalya Yakovlevna. She works as a chief accountant at the hotel «Zhemchuzhina». She also has much work about the house after she gets home from work. But my sister and I always help her. Yes, let me introduce my younger sister. She is still a pupil. Her name is Tanya and she is in the fifth form. She is very pretty and a great dancer. We are good friends with my sister. My grandmother, my mother’s mother, lives with us. She is very kind and helps us a lot.

Our family is very friendly, we have many friends. In summer many relatives come to visit us. And of course they use a chance to spend several weeks in beautiful Sochi.

In May I have finished school № 5 in Sochi. I did well in all the subjects but my favourite subjects at school were Computer Science and English. I also enjoyed Geography lessons.

I am very interested in learning English because I always wanted to become an economist or a manager at some joint venture. That is why I think it is necessary to know at least one foreign language. Besides, knowledge of foreign languages helps in everyday life.

As you see, my biography isn’t very long yet. But we’ll meet again in the next lesson and I’ll tell you more about myself. See you later ...

Vocabulary

introduce	[ֽntrE´dju:s]	представлять, знакомить
Black Sea coast	[koust]	побережье Черного моря
a first-year student		студент(-ка) первого курса
appearance	[E´pi Er Ens]	внешность
slim		стройная
gymnastics	[dჳim´næstiks]	гимнастика
kind		добрый
broke my arm		сломала руку
mathematician	[ֽmæθimE´ti∫en]	математик
chief accountant	[t∫if E´kaunt Ent]	главный бухгалтер
several	[sevr El]	несколько
to do well		зд. успевать
joint venture		совместное предприятие

Nick’s usual working day

Hi, nice to meet you all!

My name is Nick Price. I am a freshman at College of Business at Western Carolina University. It is a very small school situated in the mountain region of North Carolina. I am not from North Carolina myself. I was born in Vermilion, Ohio, in the suburbs of Cleveland. But my grandpa and grandma live in-North Carolina. And I like mountains more than plains.

My family is not very rich that is why I can’t afford to live on campus. But it is a rule, that every student must spend his or her freshman year on campus. To cover some of the expenses I’ve got to work part-time on the campus. I work in cafeteria.

Now let me tell you about my usual working day. I wake up at seven in the morning. My alarm clock radio is tuned to my favorite radio station. My roommate Todd Hall is a football player. He jogs every morning at 6:30. He is still out jogging when I get up. First I take a cold shower and brush my teeth. Then I dress myself up and rush to work – to the University cafeteria. I wash dishes and clean the tables. It is not a very interesting job, I know that, but soon I’ll be a waiter at the small Italian Restaurant and will earn more. My boss Suzie is a very strict lady but very nice when you do your job properly.

My first class starts at 11:15. The professor is never late for his classes. The lecture hall we sit in has about 100 seats. WCU (Western Carolina University), like I said, is a very small school. But I think that it is one of the best schools of business in the North Carolina.

At 2 PM I eat lunch at school cafeteria. The food is free for me because I work there. I am a vegetarian and I don’t like drinks with caffeine. I prefer cool filtered water or juice.

Then I have two more classes. I need to go to the library right after the classes to do my homework. There I meet my friends and we talk. Twice a week I play basketball with my friends. I swim once a week. Usually after library we go out to the cafe or just sit outside and talk.

I have dinner at 6 PM at the little Chinese restaurant not too far from the dormitory. Or I cook myself in the kitchen in my dorm. My favorite food is pizza and potato salad.

After dinner I watch TV or play ping-pong with my friends. When it is Friday, we go to see the football game.

I spend most of my weekends visiting my grandmother and my grandfather. They are always glad to see me and take me out for picnics and golf.

I usually read before I go to bed. It calms me down after the long day. My favourite author is Stephen King. Well, I guess that’s enough for one time.

See you later!

Vocabulary

freshman	первокурсник
sophomore	второкурсник
junior	третьекурсник
senior	четверокурсник (выпускник)
suburbs	пригород
downtown	центр города
plain	равнина
cover some of the expenses	чтобы покрыть часть расходов
to jog	бегать трусцой, делать пробежку
to rush	спешить, торопиться
campus	студенческий городок
jogging	пробежка
cafeteria	студенческая столовая
waiter	официант
to work part-time	работать неполный день
to work full-time	работать полный рабочий день
properly	должным образом, правильно
to go out	гулять, отдыхать
dormitory (dorm)	общежитие
to calm down	успокаивать(ся)

My Native Place. A Village

I come from a rural urea. I was born & brought up in the village of _______ . The village is very beautiful mainly due to the picturesque country-side around it. It lies on the plain covered with woods and meadows. There is a lake and a river near the village where we can enjoy swimming in summer time. In the woods and on the meadows one may find berries, mushrooms, medicinal herbs. People pick them in the summer to make supplies for the winter. I like living in the country: the work is usually done in the open air, in constant contact with nature which gives me energy.

The village is by no means small as it is, and it is growing rapidly. Young people tend to remain in the village, former villagers return from far away places and nowadays there are a lot of refugees there too. There are several secondary schools and kindergartens in the village. There’s a factory there too: it’s a military (milk, wood processing) factory. But the heart of the village is the club. People like going there to see a film or a concert, to listen to some lectures, to meet inter­esting people or just for a disco. Young people enjoy strolling till small hours. On the whole, I think country dwellers are more sociable, they see more of one another, care more for one another than we do in the city, where people might not know their nextdoor neighbour’s name. You see, I have every reason to prefer the country to the city. And it is but natural that I intend to return to work in my village when I graduate from the Institute

Questions

1. What is your favourite place in the village?

2. Don’t you find life in the country too dull for a young girl/ boy?

3. Is there anything about your village you’d like to have changed?

My Native Place. A Small Town

My native town is situated in Bashkortostan. It is an hour ride from Ufa. Some people can’t imagine their lives without theatres, multi-storeyed buildings and broad avenues, all that is typical of big industrial cities. There are no theatres, multi-storeyed houses or broad avenues in my town, and still I like it because I was born here, my parents live here, and I’ve spent here almost all my life. One may think that life in a provincial town is dull. It’s true, but on the other hand it has a lot of advantages, and I’ll try to prove it. Every morning I get up and breathe in sweet fresh air which is different depending on a season: in summer it smells fresh grass and flowers, in winter it smells frost and snow. My native town becomes especially beautiful in late spring when there is a great many tulips in flower-beds and all the trees are in blossom. Those who want to have some entertainment can go the Recreation Park, which is famous for its attractions. Those who prefer dancing can go to discos, which are rather popular with young people, especially teen-agers. It’s a pity we have no concert halls or theatres, but you may go to the cinema or the club. We have a lot of opportunities to go in for sports because there are two big stadiums in the town. I quite forgot to tell you that there are many beautiful cafes in our town, you can drop in at any of them. I’m sure, you’ll like it there.

Well, of course I like my native town/ settlement very much and want it to be still more beautiful and clean and nice than now. And ... welcome to _______ so that you can see it with your own eyes. I’m sure you’ll love it there.

Questions

1. What is the street you live in like?

2. Do you approve of the way your town/ settlement run?

3. What is your favourite place in your town?

The Flat/ House I’d Like to Live in

I live in a block of flats. Our flat isn’t large, in fact, it’s quite small. And sometimes I dream of a place I’d like to live in. I prefer houses to flats for you can alter or enlarge it to your liking.

So, this is the house of my dream, my dream house. It’s a detached house as I hate to listen to my neighbours or to be overheard by them. The house is not very large, but it’s not small either There are two floors and a cellar in it. On the first floor there’s a living-room, a dining-room and a large kitchen with all modem gadgets. Kitchen is a very important part of one’s house, because one spends so much time there, especially if one is a woman. On the second floor there are bedrooms for my family and for visitors, a nursery (for the present it may serve as a study) and a large beau­tiful bathroom. As for the furniture I wouldn’t have much of it as I like the place to be spacious and full of air but not stuffed with furniture. Around the house I’d have a small but beautiful gar­den, clamorous with flowers. I think there is nothing like having a cup of tea in the shade among flowers on a hot summer day. Of course, it would be absolutely great to have a swimming pool too. But I doubt if it’s possible in our parts. Well. I may speak on and on about my dream house but I wonder if my dream will ever come true.

Vocabulary

detached house	особняк, отдельно расположенный дом
cellar	подвал, погреб, подвальный этаж
modern gadgets	современные приспособления
as for	что касается
furniture	мебель
spacious	просторный
stuffed	набитый
come true	осуществляться

Questions

1. Would you have an orchard?

2. Who would take care of the house?

3. Would you like to grow vegetables and berries in the garden?

My plans for future

Hi, there! Here is Vera again. I am afraid this will be my last meeting with you because I need to get ready for my trip home. I am leaving for Sochi tonight. Not only to enjoy our warm southern sun and to swim in blue waters of the Black Sea, but to see my family. Besides, I have nothing to do here anymore: I have passed all the exams successfully and I'm free till the 1^st of September.

As I have already told you, my father works at the bank. He makes good money, but I never wanted to have a job like his. I think it is so boring and unhealthy to sit all day at the desk. It takes so much of nerves, because it is a great responsibility to work with large amounts of money. Especially when this money is not yours and belongs to thousands of other people. Sometimes my father spends a whole night at work, preparing his reports.

But anyway, I want to talk about my plans for future and not about my father. I would really want to work with people rather than with figures and numbers. I want to travel much and see other places and meet different people. One of the opportunities for this is to work for a foreign enterprise in Russia or to work abroad for a big company. You also travel much if you work for the travel agency. And, as far as I know, this kind of job is well paid.

Of course, it is quite difficult to qualify for such a job. You need to have a very good educational level and a good command of spoken and written foreign language, computer skills, and, finally, some experience.

As I said before, my school gives a very good background knowledge of subject. But this knowledge is too general. Most graduates are prepared for work only theoretically. We didn’t have much practice. The only opportunity to work somewhere is that during the summer vacation. But of course one wants to rest a little after a whole year of studies and a hard exam session. But in my opinion, practice is the only opportunity to gain practical knowledge of subject.

I think that it is quite impossible to have a good command of English after finishing secondary school. Two or four hours of English a week is not enough. It is necessary to have classes outside the University. One more factor which really helps to have a good command of English is the communication with native speakers, and of course reading much in English. It is especially useful to read books on economics, business, marketing and management in the original. When one knows the special vocabulary or terminology it will be much easier to communicate with your colleagues from other countries. As you know, English is world recognized as an international business language. But, of course, English only is not enough. There are still countries and people who prefer to use their native language. And how many businesses in your city, for instance, have English-speaking staff? This situation is the same in many European countries.

I don’t think I’ll be unemployed. Firms need specialists in finance, management and marketing. Employers need young and energetic employees who have computer skills.

Bye for now!

Vocabulary

besides	кроме того
successfully	успешно
unhealthy	нездорово, вредно для здоровья
large amounts of money	большие суммы денег
to belong	принадлежать
but anyway	разг. в любом случае, все равно
rather than	нежели
figure	цифра, сумма
enterprise	предприятие
to qualify for	годиться для чего-либо, иметь достаточные основания для чего-либо
educational level (level of education)	уровень образования
a command of …	уровень владения чем-либо
general	общий
to gain	приобретать
sufficient	достаточный
native speakers	носители языка; те для кого язык родной
staff	персонал
unemployed	безработный
employee	служащий; работающий по найму

Add to your active vocabulary

accountant	бухгалтер
manager	управляющий, заведующий; глава, директор, руководитель
marketer	специалист по маркетингу
P.R. specialist (Public Relations)	специалист по связям с общественностью
sales manager	менеджер по продажам
supply manager	менеджер по снабжению
prestigious job (work)	престижная работа
well-paid job	высокооплачиваемая работа
to be hired for a job	быть нанятым на работу
to look for a new job (work, position)	искать новую работу
to apply for a new job	претендовать на какую-либо должность
resume	резюме
employer	наймодатель
entrepreneur, businessman	предприниматель, бизнесмен, делец
state-employed	государственный служащий
white-collar worker	«белый воротничок», работник умственного труда
blue-collar worker	«синий воротничок», работник физического труда
skilled worker	квалифицированный рабочий
unskilled worker	неквалифицированный рабочий
experienced worker	опытный работник
application for a position of	заявление о приеме на какую-либо должность
C.V. (curriculum vitae)	автобиография
to be fired	быть уволенным
to retire	уходить на пенсию
to be unemployed	быть безработным

Переведите на английский:

1. Я думаю, что работа банкира скучная и нездоровая.

2. Работа с большими суммами денег – это большая ответственность.

3. Я не хотел(а) бы проводить ночи на работе, как мой отец.

4. Работу в рекламном агентстве найти очень трудно.

5. Трудно соответствовать стандартам, предъявляемым работникам иностранных компаний.

6. Работа менеджера хорошо оплачивается.

7. Практически невозможно иметь хороший уровень английского после окончания средней школы.

8. Знания одного иностранного языка недостаточно для успешной карьеры в туристическом бизнесе.

Какой вы видите свою будущую работу? Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What kind of job are you interested in:

   1. well paid

   2. interesting

   3. large and famous company

   4. quiet

   5. in an industry which has a future

   6. prestigious

   7. not to sit the whole day in the office h) to travel a lot

2. What position would you like to have:

   1. to manage people – manager

   2. to work for someone else – an employee

   3. to be your own boss – self-employed, businessman

   4. to be responsible for everything – top manager, director

   5. to work for the state - state employee

Bashkir State University

The Bashkir State University was founded in 1957 on the basis of the Bashkir State Pedagogical Institute named after K.A. Timiryazev. Today this major scientific, educational and cultural center of the Republic ranks among the top ten classical universities of the Russian Federation.

The University incorporates 12 departments in Ufa and three branches located in Sibai, Sterlitamak and Neftekamsk. Instruction is effected by 73 chairs. The University provides postgraduate training in 38 specialities and doctorate training in 6 ones, there being 11 academic boards for theses defense.

Today the University comprises twelve faculties of Sciences and Humanities (Arts). Sciences deal with national economy development problems. Humanities carry out research of many world development problems and international relations, the fundamental laws governing the society.

The University organizes the academic process according to curricula developed (elaborated) by prominent scholars. It trains skilled teachers for schools and researchers, as well as higher school lecturers and tutors (instructors).

The equipment of the University is up-to-date: a computing centre, research nuclear physics laboratories, a big library, excellent training facilities.

BSU participates in international integration activities, cooperating on a contractual basis with universities in the USA, Turkey, Germany, France, Italy, Egypt, Hungary and Japan in the sphere of science and higher education. Bashkir State University is a vibrantly growing institution. The transition is currently accomplished to a multi-level system of higher professional training. The high standard of theoretical and methodological background of the professor and instructor stuff supported by academic traditions facilitates training highly-qualified specialists.

Vocabulary

to name after	называть в честь (кого-либо)
branch	филиал
Postgraduate	аспирант
to provide training	обучать
postgraduate	аспирант
doctorate	докторская степень
to carry out research into smth.	проводить научные исследования чего-либо
curriculum ( pl. curricula)	учебный план (школы, университета, института)
tutor	преподаватель, наставник, руководитель группы (в университете)
up-to-date	современный, соответствующий современным требованиям, новейший
nuclear physics	ядерная физика
to participate	участвовать (in), принимать участие
facilities	оборудование, приспособление, аппаратура; здания (школы, заводы, т.д.)
contractual	договорной
facilitate	содействовать, способствовать

Questions

1. When was Bashkir State University founded?

2. How many branches does the University incorporate?

3. What can you say about the equipment of the University?

My University

I’d like to tell you about my University and my studies.

I am very happy that I study here. It is Neftekamsk branch of Bashkir State University. It is very young as it was founded in 2000. About 2000 students are currently enrolled there. The majority are full-time students, like me, and the rest are correspondence students.

There are two faculties at my University, they are the faculty of economics and mathematics and the humanitarian faculty. The graduates of the humanitarian faculty get the following specialities: philologist, lawer, historian. The faculty of economics and mathematics prepares the specialists in finance and credit, programming and mathematics.

The course of study at my University lasts five years. The academic year is divided into two terms, each term (semester) ends with the winter and spring exams sessions, when the students must take and pass credit test and examinations on the subjects studied during the term. Our curriculum involves English classes as well. The attendance of lectures and seminars is obligatory.

Our University has two buildings. There are many large halls there so that students of 3-4 groups together can fit in there. And that is more than 100 people. Sometimes it is very noisy there when students chat during the lecture. There are six computer laboratories, two reading rooms at my University. Besides we have two other buildings for a library, a computer centre and a gym.

There is a nice canteen at the University. The food there is tasty and very affordable.

Unfortunately there is no special hostel building. Students from other cities and villages live in hostels belonging to other educational institutions. Some of the student rent flats.

Among many subjects we study foreign languages. German and English are taught to the students of all the faculties.

Vocabulary

solid background	солидная база (образование)
currently	в настоящее время
to be enrolled	числиться в списках студентов
full-time students	студенты дневного отделения
part time-students	студенты вечернего отделения
to chat	беседовать, болтать
computer centre	вычислительный центр
gym	спортивный зал
facilities	службы, помещения, приспособления
to conduct	проводить
course of study	курс обучения
banking	банковское дело
finance	финансы
management	управление, менеджмент
business law	коммерческое право
accounting	бухгалтерский учет
noisy	шумный
research work	исследовательская работа
one-storey	одноэтажный
tasty	вкусный
affordable	доступный
to come true	сбываться
to be enrolled	быть внесенным в список
to cope with	справляться
requirement	требование
tough	жесткий
freshman	первокурсник
training	тренировка, подготовка, обучение
thorough	полный, совершенный, подлинный
to take an examination	сдавать экзамен
to pass an examination	выдержать экзамен
credit	зачет
curriculum	расписание
to share a room with somebody	жить в одной комнате с кем-либо
as far as I am concerned/as for me	что касается меня
to go in for sports	заниматься спортом
groupmate	одногруппник
to make an impression on smb.	произвести впечатление на кого-либо
to will	желать
to enlarge one’s vocabulary	расширить словарный запас
to make an oral or written abstract	сделать устное или письменное резюме, извлечение (из книги и т.п.)
home assignment	домашнее задание
so far	пока

Add to your active vocabulary

classroom	класс, аудитория
lecture hall	лекционный зал
laboratory	лаборатория
gym (gymnasium)	спортзал
semester (term)	семестр
school year	учебный год
course of studies	курс обучения
Academy	академия
University	университет
Institute	институт
faculty, college, department	факультет
College of physics	факультет физики
department, chair of …	кафедра
head of the department, chief of the department, chair (man/woman)	зав. кафедрой
Professor	профессор
teaching instructor (TI)	преподаватель
dean	декан
rector	ректор
teaching staff, faculty members	преподавательский состав
full-time student	студент(ка) дневного отделения
part-time student	студент(ка)-«вечерник»
student of distant (extramural) education	студент(ка) заочник
student of preparatory courses	слушатель подготовительных. курсов,
undergraduate student	студент 1-4(5) курсов
graduate student	студент 5-6 курсов, аспирант
master student	магистрант (магистр)
Ph.D. student	докторант

Questions

1. What department are you a student of?

2. Why have you made up your mind to study maths (economics, law, history, philology)?

3. Do you live in a students hostel?

4. Who has encouraged you? Your school teacher or your parents (friend)?

5. What was the most difficult exam in your entrance university examinations?

6. What is your favorite field in modern maths?

7. Have you got any difficulties with English? Why?

8. Is it difficult for you to study at the university? Why?

Знаете ли вы?

1. When was your Institute or University established?

2. Who was its first rector?

3. Were there any famous scientists, engineers, politicians, ministers among the graduates?

4. How many people are currently enrolled?

5. What is the most popular faculty in your University?

Согласны ли вы, что:

1. Larger schools are better than smaller ones.

2. It is impossible to enter the university if you haven’t attended preparatory courses.

3. The best professors deliver the most interesting lec­tures.

4. It is more fun to live in a dormitory or a student hostel than to rent an apartment.

5. Professors and teaching instructors always know more than students.

My future profession

Historian. I must say that I’m very interested in the subject which I have chosen of all humanities as my future speciality. History was my favourite subject at school. I was fond of reading historical novels describing life, culture and political events in different countries of the world. It was shortly before leaving school that I made up my mind to enter this faculty and take up History seriously as my future profession.

There are many historical subjects in our programme: Ancient History, the Middle Ages, Russian and Bashkir History, Modern and Contemporary History, etc.

History helps people foresee the course of events in future. But it is impossible to study any particular period of history if one doesn't know a lot what preceded it and what came after it. Historians study and describe the historic events taking place in different epochs and in different countries. Their descriptions and analyses should be strictly objective and scientific.

If we look at the historic past we can see that the entire history of human society is that of wars and struggle for power, as well as people’s revolts for better life and independence. Wars in different times and in different countries were waged with the purpose of conquering other lands and peoples, with making profits on the resources of oppressed nations. Since World War II a lot has been done by peace-loving nations to save the world from a new global catastrophe. But nobody managed to prevent local wars unleashed in different parts of the planet and taking away thousands of people’s lives. Peace and peaceful coexistence remain the key problem of our epoch.

The profession of a historian is quite diversified. The graduates of our Department can work as teachers and research workers at secondary and higher schools, museums and archives. Many of them have become well-known scientists or have chosen public activity as their career. Whether I shall make a good teacher or become successful in some other field of social life remains to be seen. But I’m sure that my knowledge received at the University will help me succeed in my future work.

Vocabulary

to be interested in smth.	интересоваться чем-либо
to be fond of smth.	любить что-либо, увлекаться
shortly before	незадолго до (какого-либо события)
to make up one’s mind	принять решение, решиться
to take up smth.	браться за что-либо, заниматься чем-либо
contemporary	новый, современный
foresee	предвидеть, предвосхищать, предсказывать
wage	вести (войну)

Journalist. The graduates of the Faculty of the Bashkir Philology and Journalism work in the mass media: TV, radio, newspapers, journals and magazines. The press and journalists play a very important role in the life of any country and in the process of democratization of our society in particular. The journalists have done much to change the moral climate in this country since the 1980s. In their publications they should truthfully depict the life and aspirations of the people, political and economic problems facing our country and other countries of the world. The truthful information about internal and world events helps to create the atmosphere of confidence, justice, compassion, mutual support and understanding in the society.

A journalist must be a model of competence himself. People often apply for his advice and help in difficult life situations. A journalist should have courage to defend his point of view and to speak and write the truth about the facts and events going on around. In spite of all difficulties, responsibility and even danger in the work of a journalist this profession is considered to be one of the most romantic and many young people want to connect their lives with journalism;

A journalist should have the qualities of sympathy, open-mindedness and an inquiring mind. He must be well-educated person with a broad outlook to be successful in his profession. He must be able to write in clear, simple and direct language. He should remember that the mass media are committed – at least as an ideal – to impartial, unbiased reporting of the facts and that the right to know is one of the citizens’ rights.

Vocabulary

aspiration	стремление, сильное желание
compassion	жалость, сострадание, сочувствие
apply for smth.	обращаться за чем-либо

Philologist. I’ve chosen Philology as my future profession. Education is provided in numerous specialities, like the Russian language and literature, classical languages and ancient literature, foreign languages, etc.

After two years of studying general subjects specialization begins. Our faculty provides all necessary conditions for developing the students’ creative activity. Many students of our department are engaged in scientific work. The themes of the students’ research reflect the wide range of their interest. In their final year the university undergraduates are sent for a few months to schools to get some practical know-how in teaching.

It is known that teaching is a very stressful job taking much time and efforts. I’m deeply interested in lexicology and want to work in this field. Lexicology as a branch of linguistics has its own aims and methods of scientific research. Its basic task is the study and systematic description of the vocabulary of some particular language in respect of its origin, development and current use. Lexicology also investigates words, word-groups, word equivalents and morphemes which make up words. My scientific investigation deals with one of these language problems.

My groupmates want to work as teachers at school. What makes a good teacher? First of all a teacher should have true interest in children and love for them. He must be also a well-educated person with a broad outlook and deep knowledge of the subject. He must be a stern, but just and hard­working person.

The profession of a philologist is quite diversified and the graduates of our Faculty can work not only at secondary schools but also at the higher educational establishments, publishing houses, radio and TV. They may continue their studies at the post-graduate courses if they have a desire to become scientists. Many Russian and Bashkir writers and poets are the graduates of this faculty.

Vocabulary

ancient	древний, старинный, старый
creative activity	творческая деятельность
to be engaged in smth.	заниматься чем-либо, быть занятым чем-либо
wide range	широкий диапазон
undergraduate	старшекурсник
in respect of	что касается, в отношении
diversified	многосторонний, разнообразный, разносторонний

Questions

1. What kind of profession is a historian (journalist, philologist)?

2. Where can the graduates of your department work?

3. What is necessary to be successful in your future work?

Why do we learn the English language?

Some time ago an anonymous newspaper columnist called the modern Earth «a world village». It actually means that year by year the globe is getting smaller with the development of communication means and increase in transportation velocities. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other. So, it is very wise to learn foreign languages. «Knowledge is power», one of the great men said. Speaking a foreign language one can not only read the papers, magazines and original books by outstanding writers, but as well watch satellite TV programs, travel easily in the different parts of the world. Besides, understanding and speaking a foreign language or two became necessary while applying for a good and well-paid job.

First English spreaded over the globe with the development of British empire. Then success of American industry and the growth of exports in technologies made the similar impact on the circulation of the language. And the third factor of the last decades is remarkable increase in computer-related equipment and technologies as well as the influence of British and American pop culture and video entertainment.

Fortunately, I began learning English even before I could understand the advantages of speaking and understanding it. Now I know that it is a must for a XXI century professional no matter what job to choose. The world is getting smaller and international connections tighter. One can not do well without one of the common European languages.

I learn English because I want to read Kingsley Amis and James Joyce in their native language. I like Hemingway and Lewis Carroll. They are quite different when translated or abridged. Besides, I like to travel. Speaking English, I shall have no troubles looking for a room or a meal anywhere in the world. I like to talk and make friends with people from different countries. Last autumn I took membership in the Moscow Student Pen-Pal Club and now I have much fun writing letters to my Swiss and American pen-friends. I hope, some day we shall meet each other and have a good time in Moscow.

There are also international friendship camps both in Russia and abroad where you can meet boys and girls from around the globe. They rarely can speak Russian which is much more difficult to learn than English. In a word, I understand that I have to learn English hard and in a proper way.

Vocabulary

year by year		год за годом
increase	[´inkri:s]	увеличение, возрастание
velocity	[vi´lכsiti]	скорость, быстрота
to get along with		справляться с делом, с прогрессом, уживаться, ладить с
as well as		так же, как и; а также
as well		также
to apply for a job		подавать заявление о приеме на работу
to make an impact on		оказывать сильное воздействие, влияние
computer-related equipment	[kem´pju:te ri´leitid e´kwipment]	компьютерное оборудование, оснащение
one cannot do well without …		нельзя обойтись без …
Lewis Carrol	[´lju:is ´kærel]
to abridge	[e´bridჳ]­	сокращать, уменьшать
to look for smth.		искать что-либо
to take membership		вступить в члены
Pen-Pal Club		клуб друзей по переписке
in a proper way		надлежащим образом, как следует
to show smth.		показывать
to draw smth.		рисовать
to use gestures	[´dჳest∫ez]	использовать жесты
to be good at english		хорошо знать англ. язык

Questions

1. Will you agree with the saying that «Knowledge is Power»? Why?

2. Is it necessary to speak a foreign language?

3. Is it difficult for you to learn English? What is the reason?

4. What English writers do you know?

5. Did you ever speak to English people? To other foreigners speaking English?

6. Have you ever been abroad? What language did you speak there?

7. Why do they call modern Earth «a world village»?

Обобщите прочитанное, используя следующую схему.

It is necessary to learn English (a foreign language)

• because … is used

• but also

• If you want to read

• Besides

• But

• Though

• However

• That’s why

• and for it

• in order to

The world’s top tongue

The English language is now the first language of about 350 million people, the native language of 12 nations and the official or semiofficial language of thirty-three more nations. That means one in every seven people in the world speaks English.

The English language has become the «new Latin», the lingua franca, of the century. In terms of scientific know-how and technological development, one must know English to be a part of the twentieth century. In this context it’s not difficult to see why in Italy for example, English is a must for many technical jobs. In China, English is the chief foreign language learned at school.

At present no other language on earth is better suited to play the Pole of a world language. There are many reasons for its pop­ularity. First English is easier to Team than any other language. Second it easily borrows local words and phrases from the very countries into which it expands.

English is so widespread that it has become the standard lan­guage for all kinds of international communication. At present, 75% of the world's mail is in English, 60% of the world's tele­phone calls are made in English, 60% of the world’s radio stations broadcast in English and more than half of the world’s periodicals are printed in English.

English is also the international language of businesspeople, pilots and air traffic controllers/diplomats and politicians, sports-people, scientists, doctors and students. Beyond a doubt, English is now the world’s top tongue.

Vocabulary

lingua franca	[´liŋgwe ´fræŋke]	язык, составленный из элементов различных языков, и используемый как универсальный для общения разных народов
chief	[t∫i:f]	главный, основной
is suited		подходим
to borrow	[´bכreu]	заимствовать, занимать
the very countries		те самые страны
to expand		расширяться
widespread	[´waidspred]	широко распространенный
to broadcast	[´br כ:dca:st]	передавать по радио, по телевидению
politician	[ֽpכli ´ti∫en]	политик
beyond a doubt	[bi ´jכnd ´daut]	бесспорно

Как бы вы описали английский язык. Приведите свои аргументы.

English is … because …

a second language	an international language
a foreign language	the most widespread language
the working language of	the dominant language
the second most frequently	the world’s language
spoken language	the lingua franca
an official language	the world’s top tongue

Какова будет роль английского языка в 21 веке. Выразите свое мнение по поводу следующих утверждений. Почему.

• English will be the dominant language in world media and communications.

• Before the middle of the twenty-first century another language besides English will become the world’s main language.

• English will remain the world’s language for international communication.

• The role of English in personal development will be very important.

• American English will be the world’s standard variety of English.

• British English will be the dominant variety of English in the world.

• Many languages will die out during the next century.

• There will be a rise of spoken English at the expense (за счет) of written English.

• The most popular foreign language in the future will be Chinese.

English has become the first foreign language that much of the world wants to learn.

Why do people prefer English to other foreign languages?

Почему ваши однокурсники изучают английский язык?

1. Как бы вы ответили на этот вопрос сами (используйте таблицу).

Why? to study at a university (college) to communicate with people of the world to do business to understand films and songs in English to get a better job to like the language to want to live in an English-speaking country to have to study it at school it’s easier than other subjects you could study to like the teacher useful when you travel gives a chance to meet new people		The best way to learn is to work hard and thoughtfully to do exercises carefully to listen attentively to use a dictionary to use a cassette recorder to read aloud to revise often to check for mistakes to take notes to concentrate to ask to explain/repeat to do difficult (easy) things first/later to practise a lot not to be lazy not to make mistakes not to miss classes
	L EARNING ENGLISH
U seful learning strategies reading English newspapers/ magazines/books watching English films listening to the BBC World Service on the radio using a cassette recorder/ VCR studying at a language school in the UK/in your country living in a country where it’s spoken speaking with native speak­ers by correspondence with a pen friend		A good language learner speaks fluently (fast) learns easily (fast) reads fast (quickly) writes arefully/accurately/ grammatically feels confident about learn­ing the language can express himself/ herself effectively can speak and is understood by native speakers

2) Объясните почему ваши одногруппники изучают английский язык.

All/ Most of us are learning English because …

Some of us want to …

A few of us …

3) What are 3 main reasons why you are learning English?

Bashkortostan

Bashkortostan is one of the largest republics within the Russian Federation, covering 143,600 square km to the mouth of the Ural mountains. It became a sovereign republic in October 1990 and is now a fast developing industrial and agricultural country with great potential for foreign investors. As more investment in Russia goes outside the golden triangle of Moscow and St.Petersburg, Bashkortostan offers foreign businesses an excellent base from which to penetrate the larger Federation market as well as export goods. Bashkortostan borders Tatarstan, the Udmurt Republic and the provinces of Perm, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk and Orenburg.

Ufa, the capital city, was founded in 1574 and became the capital in 1922 when Bashkortostan incorporated into Russia. Ufa is a large industrial and cultural centre with a population of over 1 million. About 40% of the Republic’s production capacity is concentrated here. The Republic has 20 major cities and a total population of over 4 million. As part of the Russian Federation, Bashkortostan suffered during the economic recession that effected all of Russia, but its relative independence did protect it to some degree. The Federation treaty cedes to Bashkortostan all state property on its territory and grants it control over processing, extraction and sale of natural resources, especially oil and oil products. Bashkortostan is also shaping its own legislative system, although Russian law remains binding in cases under federal jurisdiction.

Over 70 nationalities are represented in the Republic. There have been no signs of ethnic conflict and little reason to expect it in future.

Foreign trade has grown significantly with over 200 Bashkortostan companies trading internationally. Experts estimate that the Republic’s export potential is well over 2 billion dollars. The Republic’s main trading partners are Finland, Germany, Austria, Turkey, the USA, Japan, India, China, etc. The main foreign investment projects include the extraction of minerals, oil production and oil refining, the assembly of computers and communication devices, petrochemicals, textiles, engineering and the food industry.

Economy

Bashkortostan has been a centre for oil production since 1930 and more recently for Russia's refining industry. It has also been a key producer and exporter of petrochemicals and chemical products. Engineering is another key sector, composed of oil and chemical machine-building, machine-tool building and vehicle construction.

Bashkortostan also has a developing ferrous metal industry. The forestry and timber processing industries are also being developed in the republic. Forests cover 39% of the territory. The Republic has a growing textile industry which includes cotton and wool fabrics, natural and artificial leather. The food industry is composed of large sugar refineries, a number of tinned meat and dairy facilities, factories producing beer, spirits, soft drinks and mineral water.

Agriculture

The Republic is adopting a controlled approach to the development of its agricultural infrastructure. It has land reserves of 8 million hectares, 5 million of which are arable and is among Russia’s top producers of grains, potatoes, meat and sugar beet.

Certain districts in Bashkortostan are suitable for growing potatoes and vegetables in the amounts sufficient to fully satisfy the requirements of urban dwellers. Dairy plants are located in all industrial centres.

There are several sugar plants and a number of other food companies processing vegetables, fruit and berries.

Bashkortostan is also a major area for poultry farming and livestock breeding. Every year the republic accumulates large amounts of raw leather materials. But the major portion of them is brought by entrepreneurs from other republic and regions.

In terms of gross agricultural output republic ranks sixth in the Russian Federation and first in the Urals economic region.

Vocabulary

mouth	зд. подножие
sovereign	суверенный, независимый
triangle	треугольник
to offer	предлагать
to penetrate	проникать внутрь; входить, проходить
to be founded	быть основанным
to incorporate	соединять(ся), объединять(ся); принимать, включать в число членов
production capacity	производственная мощность, потенциал
eсonomic recession	экономический спад
to some degree	до некоторой степени
cede	сдавать (территорию)
processing	обработка, переработка
extraction	добыча, извлечение
sale	продажа
oil	нефть
significantly	значительно
estimate	оценивать, приблизительно подсчитывать
well over	далеко за
refining	очистка; перегонка
assembly	монтаж, сборка
communication device	устройство связи
petrochemicals	нефтехимические продукты
engineering	машиностроение
machine-tool	металлорежущий станок; станочная (автоматизированная) система
vehicle	автомобиль, автотранспортное средство, машина (автобус, трактор, танк и т.д.)
ferrous metal	черный металл, сплав на основе черных металлов
forestry	лесоводчество; лесное хозяйство
cotton	хлопок
wool	шерсть
fabric	материал, ткань, материя
artificial	искусственный
leather	кожа
tinned	консервированный
dairy	молочный
rank	занимать какое-либо место

Questions

1. What kind of republic is Bashkortostan?

2. What territories does Bashkortostan border?

3. When was Ufa founded?

4. What is the total population of Bashkortostan?

5. What does the Russian treaty cede to and grant Bashkortostan?

6. What do the main foreign investment projects include?

7. What are the main industries of Bashkortostan?

8. Is Bashkortostan among Russia’s top producers of grain, potatoes, meat and sugar beet?

Ufa

The city of Ufa – the capital of Bashkortostan – is the centre of political, economic and social transformations taking place in the Republic.

Ufa was founded by a detachment of Russian archers (streltsi) as a fortress in 1574. In 1588 Ufa was granted a town status and became Bashkiria’s administrative centre. Gradually it developed into a trade mediator between European and Siberan towns.

In 1922 the city becomes the capital of the Bashkir Autonomous Republic within the Russian Federation. Ufa today is a major industrial, agrarian, scientific and cultural centre of the Republic. The city covers the area of 468,4 sq.km and its population is over 110000 people.

About 40 percent of the Republic’s industrial capacity is concentrated in Ufa. The city’s oil refineries and petrochemical facilities annually consume more than 35 mln. tons of oil. The engineering industry, accounting for more than 25 percent of the capital’s industrial output, produces a wide range of items. There are considerable capacities of the building materials industry, and timber-processing. Light and food industries are also developed.

Ufa ranks high in the country as to the production of diesel fuel, petrol, petrochemicals, herbicides, caustic soda. The city exports machinery and equipment, raw materials and finished items, consumer goods.

Bashkir State University, Bashkir Academy of Sciences, many R&D institutes are all stationed in Ufa. The city can boast of five theatres, a philharmonic society, dozens of cinemas and culture centres.

Ufa develops foreign economic relations in the fields of science, production and construction with companies from Germany, Italy, Austria, Japan, Belgium, Hungary and other countries. Ties are being established in the fields of culture, tourism, hunting in Bashkir forests.

Ufa is advantageously placed to make it a convenient juncture of rail-, air- and riverway routes. Works are in progress to accommodate international flights at the city airport, and customs area has been established.

The Russian federation

I am a citizen of the Russian Federation or Russia. The Russian Federation is the largest country in the world. It occupies about 1/7 (one seventh) of the Earth surface. The country is situated in Eastern Europe, Northern and Central Asia. Its total area is over 17 million square km.

Our land is washed by 12 seas, most of which are the seas of three oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. In the south and in the west the country borders on fourteen countrees. It also has a sea-border with the USA.

There is hardly a country in the world where such a great variety of flora and fauna can be found as in our land. Our country has numerous forests, plains and steppes, taiga and tundra, highlands and deserts. The highest mountains in our land are the Altai, the Urals and the Caucasus. There are over two thousands rivers in the Russian Federation. The longest of them are the Volga, the Ob, the Yenisei, the Lena and the Amur. Our land is also rich in various lakes with the deepest lake in the world, the Baikal, included.

On the Russian territory there are 11 time zones. The climate conditions are rather different: from arctic and moderate to continental and subtropical. Our country is one of the richest in natural resources countries in the world: oil, natural gas, coal, different ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and other minerals.

The Russian Federation is a multinational state. It comprises many national districts, several. autonomous republics and regions. The population of the country is over 140 million people.

Moscow is the capital of our Homeland. It is the largest political scientific, cultural and industrial center of the country and one of the most beautiful cities. Russian is the official language of the state. The national symbols of the Russian Federation are a double headed eagle and a white-blue-red banner.

The Russian Federation is a constitutional republic headed by the President, the country government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls only the executive branch the government, but not the Supreme Court and Federal Assembly.

The legislative power belongs to the Federal Assembly comprising two chambers: the Council of Federation (upper Chamber) and the State Duma (lower Chamber). Each chamber is headed by the Speaker. The executive power belongs to the government (the Cabinet of Ministers) headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of Courts comprising the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and federal courts.

Our country has a multiparty system. The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is that of international cooperation, peace and friendship with all nations irrespective of their political and social systems.

I am proud of being a citizen of Russia.

Vocabulary

citizen	[´sitizn]	гражданин
to occupy	[´כkjupai]	заниматься
surface	[´se:fis]	поверхность
total area	[´toutl] [´εerie]	общая площадь
to border on …		граничить с …
numerous	[´nju:meres]	многочисленный
steppes		степи
taiga	[´taiga:]	тайга
highlands		возвышенности, горная местность
flora	[´flכ:re]	флора
fauna	[´fכ:ne]	фауна
the Urals	[´juerelz]	Уральские горы
the Caucasus	[´kכ:keses]	Кавказ
climate	[´klaimit]	климат
conditions	[ken´di∫enz]	климатические условия
moderate	[´mכderet]	умеренный
ore	[כ:]	руда
non-ferrous metals		цветные металлы
ferrous metals		черные металлы
state		государство
to comprise		включать, охватывать
banner		знамя, флаг
legislative	[´ledჳisletiv]	законодательная
executive	[ig´zekjutiv]	исполнительная
judicial	[dჳu:´di∫l]	судебная
Federal Assembly		Федеральное Собрание
the Council of Federation	[´kaunsl]	Совет Федерации
State Duma		Государственная дума, нижняя палата парламента РФ
Supreme Court	[sju´pri:m] [kכ:t]	Верховный суд
influential	[ֽinflu´en∫el]	влиятельный
foreign policy	[´fכrin]	международная политика
irrespective of	[ֽiris´pektiv]	независимо от
to be proud of	[´praud]	гордиться чем-либо

Questions

1. Is Russia the largest country in the world?

2. What oceans wash the borders of Russian Federation?

3. How many countries have borders with Russia?

4. Are Russian flora and fauna various?

5. What are the highest mountains in Russia?

6. What is lake Baikal famous for?

7. What is the climate in Russia like?

8. What are the national symbols of Russia?

9. What does the Federal Assembly consist of?

10. What do we call the head of each Chamber of the Federal Assembly?

Переведите на английский язык:

1. Общая площадь Российской федерации составляет более 17 миллионов километров.

2. В мире вряд ли есть еще одна страна с такой разно­образной флорой и фауной.

3. Озеро Байкал – самое глубокое озеро на земном шаре.

4. На территории Российской федерации существует 11 часовых поясов.

5. Россия является конституционной республикой с президентской формой правления.

6. Законодательная власть принадлежит Федерально­му Собранию, состоящему из двух палат.

7. Законодательная и судебная власти прямо не под­чиняются Президенту.

Знаете ли вы?

What is/are:

• the biggest Russian lake?

• the longest Russian river (in European and Asian parts of the Russian Federation)?

• a city with subtropical climate?

• cities with arctic climate?

• agricultural regions?

• old historical cities?

• places of recreation and tourism?

Moscow – the capital of our country

Moscow was founded in 1147 by the prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow is the capital and the largest city of Russia. It is also the capital of Moscow region. It stands on the banks of the Moskva River. More than nine million people live in the city. Moscow is the economic, political and cultural centre of Russia. Railways and numerous airlines link the city with all parts of Russia. Moscow Canal, Moskva River, and Volga-Don Canal link Moscow with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov.

Moscow covers the area of about 880 square kilometres. Concentric boulevards divide the city into several sections. At the centre of the concentric circles are the fortress Kremlin and the Red Square.

The Kremlin has the shape of a triangle with one side along the north bank of the Moskva River. A stone wall, up to 21 m in height with 19 towers, surrounds this triangular complex of former palaces, cathedrals, and other monuments. The Great Kremlin Palace, completed in 1849, is the most impressive structure inside the Kremlin. Other famous Kremlin palaces are the Granovitaya Palace (built in 1491) and the Terem (built in 1636).

Among many cathedrals, now used mainly as museums, are the Cathedral of the Assumption [e´sΛmp∫n] (Успе­ния) and the Archangel [ֽa:k´eindჳel] Cathedral [ke´si:drel], each with five gilded domes, and the Cathedral of the Annunciation [eֽnΛnsi´ ei∫en] (Благове­щения) (built in 13th-14th century), with nine gilded domes. The bell tower of Ivan the Great has the height of 98 metres. On a nearby pedestal there is the Tsar Bell (nearly 200 tons), one of the largest in the world. A recent addition to the Kremlin is the Palace of Congresses, completed in 1961.

St Basil’s Cathedral, a masterpiece of Russian architecture with coloured domes, stands at one end of Red Square and at the other end there is Historical Museum.

Other points of interest in Moscow include the Central Lenin Stadium, comprising about 130 buildings for various sports and the tall Ostankino TV tower, which contains a revolving restaurant and an observation platform. Moscow has a modern railway underground system (Metro) famous for its marble-walled stations.

Moscow is a scientific and cultural center with a lot of institutes, universities, libraries and museums. The cit} leads a vast cultural life. It has a lot of cinemas, clubs, concert halls, more than 40 drama and musical theatres, including the Bolshoi Theatre, the Art Theatre, the Mai} Theatre, the Vakhtangov Theatre.

Muscovites are proud of their museums: the Tretyakov Art Gallery, the A.S. Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts and the State Historical Museum. Crowds of people visit Tretyakov Gallery admiring beautiful pictures of Russian painters.

There are a lot of big plants and factories in Moscow. Among the products are aircraft, high-quality steel, ball bearings, cars and other motor vehicles, machine tools, electrical equipment, precision instruments, radios, chem­icals, textiles, shoes, paper, furniture. Food processing, printing, and the repair of rail equipment are important industries.

Vocabulary

airline	[´εelain]	авиалиния
capital	[´kæpitl]	столица
prince	[prins]	князь
bank	[bæŋk]	берег (реки)
cathedral	[ke´ θi:drel]	кафедральный собор
masterpiece	[´ma:stepis]	шедевр
palace	[´pælis]	дворец
fortress	[´fכ:tris]	крепость
tsar	[za:]	царь
bell tower	[´taue]	колокольня
dome	[´doum]	купол
crowd	[´kraud]	толпа
scientific	[ֽsaien´tifik]	научный
marble	[´ma:bl]	мрамор
vast	[va:st]	обширный
printing	[´printiŋ]	печатание, печать
machine tool	[me´∫i: tu:l]	станок
precision instruments	[pri´siჳen]	точные приборы
repair	[ri´pεe]	ремонт
observation	[ֽ כbze:´vei∫en]	наблюдение
rail	[´reil]	рельс, ж.-д. путь
ball bearing	[´bεeriŋ]	шарикоподшипник
processing	[´prousesiŋ]	обработка
furniture	[´f e:nit∫e]	мебель

Questions

1. When was Moscow founded?

2. Who founded Moscow?

3. Where is Moscow located?

4. Is Moscow a port city?

5. What is known about Moscow Metro?

6. What are the places of interest in Moscow?

7. Why the Kremlin is the most important place of interest for tourists?

8. What cathedrals are situated inside the Kremlin?

9. What is Palace of Congresses used for at present time?

Где находятся эти достопримечательности?

• Granovitaya Palace

• Terem

• the Red Square

• the Kremlin

• the Great Kremlin Palace

• the Cathedral of the Assumption

• the Archangel Cathedral

• the Cathedral of the Annunciation

• the Tower of Ivan the Great

• the Tsar’s Bell

• the Palace of Congresses

• St Basil’s Cathedral

The United Kingdom

The United Kingdom, officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, is an island nation and constitutional monarchy in north-western Europe.

Great Britain is the largest of the British Isles. It comprises, together with numerous smaller islands, England and Scotland, and the principality of Wales. Northern Ireland, also known as Ulster, occupies the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland.

The United Kingdom is bordered to the south by the English Channel, which separates it from continental Europe, to the east by the North Sea, and to the west by the Irish Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The only land border is between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. The total area of the United Kingdom is 242,752 sq km. The capital and largest city is London.

The names «United Kingdom», «Great Britain», and «England» are often used interchangeably. The use of «Great Britain», often shortened to «Britain», to describe the whole kingdom is common and widely accepted, although strictly speaking it does not include Northern Ireland.

However, the use of «England» to mean the «United Kingdom» is not acceptable to members of the other constituent countries, especially the Scots and the Welsh.

England and Wales were united administratively, politically, and legally by 1543. The crowns of England and Scotland were united in 1603, but the two countries remained separate political entities until the 1707 Act of Union, which formed the Kingdom of Great Britain with a single legislature. From 1801, when Great Britain and Ireland were united, until the formal establishment of the Irish Free State in 1922, the kingdom was officially designated the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

Hong Kong, which has 200,000 of the 6 million combined population of the dependencies, was returned to China in 1997.

The maximum overall length of the United Kingdom is 1,264 km: the most northerly point is Out Stack in the Shetland Islands. The most southerly is St Agnes in the Scilly Isles. The kingdom’s maximum width is 670 km. The mainland of the island of Great Britain is 974 km at its longest and 531 km at its widest; however, the highly indented nature of the island's coastline means that nowhere is more than about 120 km from the sea.

Relative to its size, the scenery of the United Kingdom is very diverse and can change dramatically within short distances. This diversity reflects in part the underlying rocks, which range from the ancient mountains of the Highlands of Scotland to the recent deposits in eastern England.

All of the United Kingdom, except the area of England south of the Thames, was covered with ice during the ice age, and glaciation shaped its most spectacular scenery, including the English Lake District, the loughs of Northern Ireland, the Welsh valleys, and most of Scotland, including the lakes.

The climate of the United Kingdom is mild relative to its latitude, which is the same as that of Labrador in Canada. The mildness is an effect of the warm Gulf Stream. This current brings the prevailing south-westerly winds that moderate winter temperatures and bring the depressions which are the main day-to-day influence on the weather. The western side of the United Kingdom tends to be warmer than the eastern; the south is warmer than the north. The mean annual temperature is 6 °С in the far north of Scotland; 11°C in the south-west of England. Winter temperatures are seldom below -10°C and summer temperatures rarely higher than 32°C. The sea winds also bring plenty of moisture; average annual precipitation is more than 1,000 mm.

Rain tends to fall – throughout the year, frequently turning to snow in the winter, especially in Scotland, the mountains of Wales, and northern England. The western side of Britain is much wetter than the eastern: average rainfall varies from more than 5,000 mm in the western Highlands of Scotland, to less than 500 mm in parts of East Anglia in England.

The population of United Kingdom is more than 56 mln people, but it is one of the world’s leading commercial and industrialized nations. In terms of gross national product (GNP) it ranks fifth in the world, with Italy, after the United States, Japan, Germany, and France.

Vocabulary

island nation		островное государство
constitutional monarchy		конституционная монархия
European union		Европейский союз
to comprise		включать
numerous		многочисленные
constituent		составляющий
administratively		административно
entities		зд. субъекты
single		зд. единая
dependencies		находящийся в зависимости
overall length	[lεŋθ]	общая протяженность
maximum width	[widθ]	максимальная ширина
indented		зд. изрезанная
scenery	[´si:neri]	пейзаж
dramatically		резко
diversity	[dai´ve:siti]	разнообразие
deposits	[di´pכzits]	отложения
glaciation		обледенение
principality		княжество
North Sea		Северное море
interchangeably		взаимозаменяемо
to accept		принимать, допускать
strictly speaking		строго говоря
include		включать
shape		форма
spectacular		впечатляющий
valley		долина
latitude	[´lætitju:d]	широта (геогр)
prevailing		преобладающий
moderate	[pri´veiliŋ]	умеренный
depressions		циклоны
mean		средний
average annual precipitation		среднегодовое количество осадков
in terms of		говоря о чем-либо
GNP (Gross Nation Product)		валовой национальный продукт

Переведите на английский язык:

1. Официальное название Великобритании – Соединен­ное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ир­ландии.

2. Соединенное королевство является конституцион­ной монархией.

3. Северная Ирландия занимает северо-восточную часть острова Ирландия.

4. Ла-Манш отделяет Соединенное Королевство от континентальной Европы.

Используйте следующие выражения для пе­ресказа текста:

1. As I understood from the text ...

2. According to the text ...

3. According to the author ...

4. As it is described in the text …

5. As it is said in the text …

6. As the author puts it …

7. According to the figures (data, information, opinions) from the text …

USA

The United States of America is the 4^th largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the central part of the North American continent.

The United States of America is a federal republic, consisting of 50 states including the states of Alaska and Hawaii. Outlying areas include Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, and the US Virgin Islands.

The northern boundary is partly formed by the Great Lakes and the St Lawrence River; the southern boundary is partly formed by the Rio Grande. United States also has a sea-border with Russia.

The total area of the United States (including the District of Columbia) is 9,809,155 sq km, of which 1,700,139 sq km are in Alaska and 28,313 sq km are in Hawaii. Inland waters cover 507,788 sq km of the total area.

The country is washed by 3 oceans: the Arctic, the Atlantic and the Pacific. The country has many lakes, with the Great Lakes included. There are also many rivers on the US territory. The longest of them are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Columbia, the Rio Grande and some others. On the US territory there are mountains and lowlands. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak, Mount McKinley, is located in Alaska.

The climate conditions are rather different. The country is rich in natural and mineral resources: oil, gas, iron ore, coal and various metals.

The USA is a highly developed industrial and agricultural country. The main industrial branches are aircraft, rocket, automobile, electronics, radio-engineer­ing and others.

Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations. The country population is over 250 mln. The national symbol of the USA is its national flag «Stars and Stripes», having 50 white stars and 13 white and red stripes on its field, symbolising the number of the original and present day states.

Officially the country comprises 50 states and one District of Columbia. The states differ in size, population and economic development. Each state has its own capital. The capital of the USA is Washington. It is situated in the District of Columbia on the banks of the Potomac river and is named after the 1^st US President – George Washington. There are many large cities in the country: New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, San-Francisco, Cleveland and some others.

The United States of America is a federal state, headed by the President. According to the US Constitution the powers of the Government are divided into 3 branches: legislative, executive and judicial.

The legislative power belongs to the Congress consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate represents the states while the House of Representatives – the population. The executive power belongs to the President and his Administration (Vice-President and Cabinet of Ministers). The judicial power belongs to the Supreme Court and the system of Federal, state and district courts.

There are several political parties in the USA, the largest of them are the Republican (symbolised by a donkey) and the Democratic (symbolised by an elephant).

Vocabulary

outlying areas	внешние территории
District of Columbia	округ Колумбия
inland waters	внутренние водоемы
to pass	проходить через
frontier	граница
to include	включать
lowlands	низины
peak	вершина, пик
to be located	располагаться
aircraft	воздушное судно
to be made up from	быть составленным, состоять из
stripe	полоса
to symbolise	символизировать
to represent	представлять
to belong	принадлежать
donkey	осел

Add to your vocabulary

Great Plains	Великие равнины
Appalachian mountains	Аппалачские годы
Rocky mountains	Скалистые горы
Driveway	Проезд, выезд
Sidewalk	Тротуар
Drive-thru shop	Магазин, покупки в котором производятся через окно автомобиля
Toll-road	Платная дорога (магистраль)
Toll-free road	Бесплатная дорога
Highway, parkway, thruway	Автомагистрали
Turnpike	Главная магистраль
Shopping-mall	Торговый центр
Shopping plaza	Открытая торговая площадь, торговый ряд
Free delivery	Бесплатная доставка
Telephone order	Телефонный заказ
Sale	Распродажа
Discount	Скидка
Seasons sale	Сезонная распродажа
Clearance sale	Распродажа залежей товаров
Discount coupon	Купон на скидку
Free girt	Бесплатный подарок

Переведите на английский язык:

1. США – четвертая по размеру страна после России, Канады и Китая.

2. Внешние границы включают в себя Пуэрто Рико, Американское Самоа и Виргинские острова.

3. 48 Штатов граничат на севере с Канадой, а на юге с Мексикой.

4. США имеет морскую границу с Российской Федера­цией.

5. Поверхность внутренних вод США составляет около 507 тысяч квадратных километров.

6. США омывается тремя океанами: Северным Ледо­витым, Атлантическим и Тихим.

7. США – высокоразвитое промышленное государство со множеством отраслей.

8. Аэрокосмическая и электронные отрасли промыш­ленности США занимают особое место в экономике США.

9. Каждый штат имеет свою столицу.