Тема 1.5

Природа и человек (климат, погода, экология)

Практическая работа №5

Введение и отработка новой лексики по теме. Пересказ темы «Защита окружающей среды»

Environmental protection

The planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but it's the only place where human beings can live. People always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowded rural areas and did not have pollution – caused by machines. With the development of crowded industrial cities, which created huge amounts of pollutants, the problem has become more important. Today our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human life on Earth. Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won't have enough oxygen to breathe.

The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following its fate. The Aral Sea is about to disappear. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the seas. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today may soon become extinct. Air pollution is another serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is dangerous – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for many Russian cites.

Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

And even greater threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.

Fortunately, it's not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered species. We can recycle litter. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities.

Условия выполнения заданий

1. Место (время) выполнения задания: задание выполняется в аудиторное время

2. Максимальное время выполнения задания: 8ч

3. Вы можете воспользоваться учебником, глобальной сетью, словарем

Критерии оценки

	«5» (отлично)	«4» (хорошо)	«3» (удовлетвор.)	«2» (неудовлетвор.)
устная речь	1.Тема раскрыта в заданном объеме. 2.Студент логично и связно ведет беседу. 3. Словарный запас адекватен поставленной задаче. 4. Практически нет ошибок в грамматических структурах. 5.Речь понятна, все звуки произносит правильно.	1. Тема раскрыта не в полном объеме. 2. В целом студент логично и связно ведет беседу. 3. Словарный запас достаточный, но наблюдается некоторое затруднение при подборе слов. 4. Использует структуры, в целом соответствующие поставленной задаче, допускает ошибки, не затрудняющие понимание. 5. В основном речь понятна.	1.Задание выполнено частично, тема раскрыта в ограниченном объеме. 2.Студент демонстрирует неспособность логично и связно вести беседу. 3 .Демонстрирует ограниченный словарный запас. 4. Делает многочисленные ошибки, затрудняющие понимание 5. В отдельных случаях понимание речи затруднено из-за наличия фонематических ошибок.	1.Задание не выполнено, тема не раскрыта. 2.Не может поддерживать беседу, вести разговор. 3. Словарный запас недостаточен для выполнения поставленной задачи. 4. Неправильное использование грамматических структур. 5.Речь почти не воспринимается на слух из-за большого количества ошибок.
чтение	Техника чтения хорошая (темп, звуки, произносительная сторона структур), уровень понимания высокий.	Техника чтения достаточно хорошая, незначительные ошибки в произношении.	Техника чтения удовлетворительная, многочисленные ошибки в произношении, темп медленный.	Техника чтения на низком уровне, уровень понимания текста низкий.

Самостоятельная внеаудиторная работа№5

ТЕКСТ ЗАДАНИЯ:

Чтение перевод текстов по теме «Защита окружающей среды »

Chernobyl and People

Soviet authorities started evacuating people from the contaminated area around Chernobyl within 36 hours of the accident. By May 1986, about a month later, all those living within a 30 km radius of the plant — about 120,000 people — had been relocated.

On May, 1 the parade and other May celebrations did took place in Kyiv, in the city with 4 million population. These days the level of radiation in Kyiv was several times higher than the maximum allowable.

According to reports from Soviet scientists, 35,000 km were contaminated by caesium-137 to levels that can be very dangerous for people's health. It estimates that roughly 850,000 people lived in this area. That is why the issue of long-term effects of Chernobyl disaster on civilians is highly controversial. The number of people whose lives were affected by the accident is enormous. Over 300,000 people were resettled because of the accident; according to the official statistics around 600,000 participated in the cleanup; millions lived and continue to live in the contaminated area. On the other hand, most of those affected received relatively low doses of radiation; there is little evidence of increased mortality, cancers or birth defects among them; and when such evidence is present, existence of a causal link to radioactive contamination is uncertain.

Epidemiological studies have been hampered in the former Soviet Union by a lack of funds, an infrastructure with little or no experience in chronic disease epidemiology. International efforts to organize epidemiological studies have been slowed by some of the same factors, especially the lack of a suitable scientific infrastructure.

The activities undertaken by Belarus and Ukraine in response to the accident — remediation of the environment, evacuation and resettlement, development of uncontaminated food sources and food distribution channels, and public health measures — have overburdened the governments of those countries

A 2002 Nuclear Energy Agency report identified significant long-term effects of the accident from non-radiological origins. The anxiety and stress of living in affected areas has had a severe psychological impact on the population. The resettlement of inhabitants away from areas where they have lived all their lives has also had great psychological effects by disrupting family and existing social networks and placing people in areas where they may be resented by the existing population.

In September 2005, a report by the Chernobyl Forum, comprising a number of agencies including the International Atomic Energy Agency, the World Health Organization, UN bodies and the Governments of Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine, put the total predicted number of deaths due to the accident at 4,000. The report also stated that, apart from a 30 kilometre area around the site and a few restricted lakes and forests, radiation levels had returned to acceptable levels.

But there is another problem. It is the sarcophagus itself. The sarcophagus is not an effective permanent enclosure for the destroyed reactor. Its hasty construction, in many cases conducted remotely with industrial robots, means it is aging badly, and if it collapses, another cloud of radioactive dust could be released. The sarcophagus is so badly damaged that a small earth tremour or severe winds could cause the roof to collapse. A number of plans have been discussed for building a more permanent enclosure. Most of the money donated by foreign countries and contributed by Ukraine has been squandered by inefficient distribution of construction contracts and overall management, or simply stolen.

About 95% of the nuclear fuel (about 180 tones) in the reactor at the time of the accident remains inside the shelter, with a total radioactivity of nearly 18 million curies. The radioactive material consists of core fragments, dust, and lava-like «fuel-containing materials » (FCM) that flowed through the wrecked reactor building before hardening into a ceramic form. By conservative estimates, there is at least four tons of radioactive dust inside the shelter.

Water continues to leak into the shelter, spreading radioactive materials throughout the wrecked reactor building and into the surrounding groundwater. The high humidity inside the shelter continues to erode the concrete and steel of the sarcophagus. It is pretty dangerous and if no measures are taken, we might face another disaster caused by our complete disregard and stupidity.

Условия выполнения задания

1. Место (время) выполнения задания: задание выполняется во внеаудиторное время

2. Максимальное время выполнения комплекса заданий: 2ч.

3. Вы можете воспользоваться учебником, глобальной сетью

Критерии оценки

	«5» (отлично)	«4» (хорошо)	«3» (удовлетвор.)	«2» (неудовлетвор.)
чтение	Техника чтения хорошая (темп, звуки, произносительная сторона структур), уровень понимания высокий.	Техника чтения достаточно хорошая, незначительные ошибки в произношении.	Техника чтения удовлетворительная, многочисленные ошибки в произношении, темп медленный.	Техника чтения на низком уровне, уровень понимания текста низкий.