Vocabulary

legal system equal scholar to be in force

судебная система равный учёный быть действительным

II. Answer the following questions.

1. Why was the Code adopted in 1804 called Napoleon’s Code?

2. Did Napoleon have a legal education or was he self-taught?

3. What were the advantages of Napoleon’s Code?

4. What is the impact of Napoleon’s Code on other legal systems?

Text 7. The Development of Criminal law

I. Read and translate the text.

Historically, there was no distinction between criminal law and civil law. Crimes were considered to be private affairs and not the affairs of the government. So, people punished each other themselves. This often led to family feuds which were harmful to society. Later, the state began to punish the offenders for serious crimes, such as murder, rape, theft, and others. Less serious crimes were regarded as civil offences. This is how criminal law and civil law appeared in British society. Different courts were set up to deal with crimes and civil offences.

Vocabulary

development private feud rape theft to set up civil offences

развитие частный раздор, кровная месть изнасилование кража создавать гражданские правонарушения

II. Questions to be answered.

1. Was there a distinction between criminal law and civil law in the past?

2. Why did people punish each other themselves?

3. How did the state interfere?

4. How did criminal law and civil law appear in Great Britain?

5. Were criminal and civil cases tried in the same courts?

Lesson 2. Types of Law Text 1. A letter from Alex

1. Read the letter and do the task following it.

Hello, Steve,

Thank you for your interesting letter and the texts you sent me on the history of law.

Judging by your letter, travelling abroad is a very effective way of learning a foreign language. As for me, apart from English, I am trying to master German on my own now. I read books, do exercises, watch films and do a lot of talking and listening.

In summer I went to my uncle’s place in the Urals. I swam in the river, helped my uncle’s family about the kitchen garden, and went to the mountains with my cousins. The village is really beautiful. I am sure that if you were in my place, you would enjoy the scenery, too. We lived near a big lake and a forest, enjoying the fresh air and the pure water of the springs. I think it’s a perfect place to live. In my opinion, living in the country is much healthier than living in a large city, with all its pollution, car fumes, drinking water problems and traffic jams. That’s why we try to spend our holidays in the countryside, as close to nature as possible.

Now, a few words about my studies. We are arranging a conference, and I am to make a report on types of law. I have almost completed it, but if you sent me some texts from your manual, I would be able to compare our texts and, maybe, make some useful additions.

I am looking forward to your answer.

With all good wishes,

Alex.

II. Find in the text of the letter equivalents to the following.

1. ездить за границу

2. помимо английского языка

3. изучать немецкий язык

4. много говорить и слушать

5. любоваться видами природы

6. выхлопные газы

7. источник, ключ

8. загрязнение

9. питьевая вода

10. за городом