Variant 4 Text Profit

Задание 1. Перед чтением текста познакомьтесь со словами и словосочетаниями приведенными ниже. Переведите текст письменно.

Vocabulary

Disburse		платить; расплачиваться; оплачивать Syn: pay, repay, return, cover, remunerate, settle;
Meet financial contingencies		оплачивать финансовые непредвиденные расходы;
Subsistence wage		заработок, которого едва хватает, чтобы не умереть с голоду;
Surplus value		прибавочная стоимость;
Skim off		снимать.

Profit is the excess of revenues over costs. It is also referred to as net earnings or income; its opposite is loss. As net income, profit is computed before taxes and dividends are distributed. In a corporate operation it is customary to disburse only an established percentage of the profits as dividends to the shareholders. The rest is retained by management to meet financial contingencies, to finance capital improvements, and to finance expansion and diversification (all aimed at eventually increasing profits). In the free enterprise, or capitalistic, system, profit is regarded as the difference between what the labourer is paid and what his or her services are worth. According to Marxism, the value of goods is determined by the amount of labour that goes into them (the labour theory of value). According to this theory workers in a capitalist economy are paid subsistence wages, far lower than the value their labour actually adds to the goods. The capitalist whose motive always is to increase the difference by paying the workers as little as possible skims off the difference –or «surplus value» as profit. In most Marxist economies сconventional notions of profit have played a negligible role. They did not have little effect in fixing the level of workers’ wages, nor did they determine the viability or future of state-run enterprises.

Задание 2. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does profit denote?

2. What is profit in a corporation?

3. What is profit in a free enterprise?

Задание 3. Переведите письменно с русского языка на английский язык.

Инфляция является серьезной проблемой. От нее страдают люди, живущие на фиксированные денежные доходы, а также люди, накопившие некоторые суммы денег на отдельные цели, такие, как финансирование высшего образования своих детей или собственные нужды после ухода на пенсию. От инфляции страдают и люди, ссудившие деньги в долг под процент, не учитывающие увеличения среднего уровня цен. Эти люди не защитили себя от падения покупательной способности. При непредвиденной инфляции, если долговременный контракт заключен на фиксированную сумму долларов, то покупатель обычно выигрывает, а продавец проигрывает. Процесс обесценивания денег, который может происходить как в открытой форме (повышение уровня цен), так и в скрытой (невозможностью купить товары по действующим ценам).

Задание 4. Прочтите и переведите предложения. Заполните пропуски следующими словами.

Raised, effectiveness, power, monetary, interest, strengthen, control, poor, device, succeeds, usefulness, in practice.

1. Decisions on monetary… can be reached and applied rapidly, since … is concentrated in the Board of Governors.

2. The effectiveness of monetary action is reasonably certain. Interest rates can always be … to a level at which the brakes take hold.

3. Monetary policy is an impersonal…, which produces its effect through the market mechanism. It is neutral as among individuals and groups in the economy. If the Federal Reserve… in restricting credit, some would-be borrows will be left unsatisfied.

4. The … of monetary policy depends on whether the problem is to tackle inflation or unemployment. … policy is more effective on the former front than on the latter.

5. During a recession the Federal Reserve can … bank reserves, reduce … rates, and establish an attractive atmosphere for borrowing. But it cannot directly affect the wish to borrow. As business prospects seem …, borrows will hold off and the desired increase in loans and spending will not materialize.

6. The … of monetary policy should not be overestimated. Monetary policy … is more complicated and less effective than appears from textbook examples.