- •Text 1 land surveying
- •Land Surveying
- •What do I do?
- •What do I do?
- •What is a surveyor?
- •What is a surveyor?
- •Global positioning system (gps) and traditional total station surveying
- •Leveling and 3-d surveying
- •Leveling and 3-d surveying
- •Basic theories of surveying
- •Basic theories of surveying
- •Tools and methodology of surveying
- •Tools and methodology of surveying
- •The duties of the surveyor
- •The duties of the surveyor
- •A little about surveying in texas
- •A little about surveying in texas
Basic theories of surveying
Surveying has been traditionally defined as the science of measuring and mapping relative positions above, on or under the surface of the ground, or establishing such positions from a technical plan or title description. As such, the surveyor dealt with the physical and mathematical aspect of measurement. Modern technology has provided tools that have greatly changed the physical act of measurement, and computers that have greatly changed the mathematical aspect.
The modern surveyor blends skills from several disciplines, including those of mathematician, law scholar, expert measurer, and translator. By interpreting the legal description and applying the science of measurement, the surveyor translates the legal description into tangible positions on the ground. These positions on the ground can be used as a basis for construction or for perpetuation of a particular location, possibly to show delineation of ownership or to document change over time.
Of course, the surveyor must be familiar with mathematics, especially the application of trigonometry. Most traditional surveying is plane surveying, which does not take into account the curvature of the earth. For most surveying projects, the curvature of the earth is slight enough that the effects can be ignored, greatly simplifying the calculations involved. For projects involving greater distances, the curvature of the earth must be taken into account; this is geodetic surveying, an application of geodesy.
Render the text, using the following plan.
The title of the text is...
The problem of ... is discussed in the given text.
I can divide this text into ... parts.
In the first part there is information about ...
The second part is devoted to the description of...
In conclusion the author says about...
I found this text ... for my future profession.
TEXT 7
Tools and methodology of surveying
Study the vocabulary.
1. to assume |
[q'sjHm] |
принимать, обретать |
2. acceptable |
[qk'septqbl] |
приемлемый, допустимый, удовлетворительный |
3. scope |
[skqup] |
границы, рамки, пределы, область |
4. yardstick |
['jRdstik] |
рулетка |
5. to set up |
[set Ap] |
размещать, располагать |
6. recoverable |
[ri'kAv(q)rqbl] |
восстанавливаемый, восстановимый |
7. sophisticated |
[sq'fistikeitid] |
сложный, передовой |
8. to combine |
[kqm'bain] |
объединять, сочетать |
9. capability |
["keipq'bilqti] |
способность, возможность, производительность |
10. protractor |
[prq'trxktq] |
транспортир, угломер |
11. crosshair |
["krOs'hFq] |
визир, визирная нить, окулярная нить |
12. sight |
[sait] |
отсчёт по нивелиру, теодолиту |
13. unaided eye |
[An'eidid ai] |
невооруженный взгляд |
14. precision |
[pri'siZqn] |
точность, чёткость, аккуратность, правильность |
15. conjunction |
[kqn'GANkSqn] |
объединение, соединение, стык, связь |
16. contemporary |
[kqn'temp(q)rqri] |
современный |
17. readout |
['rJdaut] |
считывание, отсчёт, показание |
18. angular |
['xNgjulq] |
угловой |
19. raw |
[rL] |
недоработанный, несовершенный |
20. to convert |
['kOnvWt] |
преобразовывать, превращать |
21. polar |
['pqulq] |
полярный, противоположный |
22. rectangular |
[rek'txNgjqlq] |
прямоугольный |
23. reasoning |
['rJzqniN] |
рассуждение, умозаключение |
24. spacial |
['speISql] |
пространственный |
Exercise 1. Match the word from your active vocabulary and its definition.
1. Existing at the present time. |
a. conjunction |
2. The act of joining together, combination, union. |
b. to assume |
3. Wise, complex and refined. |
c. reasoning |
4. Join together. |
d. acceptable |
5. To take for granted, accept. |
e. sophisticated |
6. Satisfactory, adequate. |
f. raw |
7. Inexperienced or immature. |
g. contemporary |
8. The act of drawing conclusions from facts, proofs. |
h. to combine |
Exercise 2. Find the English equivalents from your active vocabulary to these Russian words.
1.рулетка |
|
2. точность, чёткость |
|
3. плоскость |
|
4. пространственный |
|
5. невооруженный взгляд |
|
6. визир |
|
7. транспортир |
|
8. угловой |
|
9. приемлемый, допустимый |
|
10. прямоугольный |
|
Exercise 3. Find the synonym to the given word from your active vocabulary.
1. to undertake |
|
2. possible |
|
3. to place |
|
4. complex |
|
5. to unite |
|
6. ability |
|
7. accuracy |
|
8. combination |
|
9. modern |
|
10. argumentation |
|
Read and translate the text.