- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
Words of native origin consist for the most part of very ancient elements (Indo-European, Germanic and West Germanic cognates). The bulk of the Old English word-stock has been preserved, although some words have passed out of existence.
To assign the native element its true place it's not so important to count the number of Anglo-Saxon words as to study their semantic and stylistic character, frequency value, collocability1, their word-building ability, the productivity of the word-building patterns.
As we know almost all words of Anglo-Saxon origin belong to very important semantic groups. They include
Most of the auxilary and modal verbs: shall, will, should, would, must, can, may, etc.
Pronouns: I, you, he, my, your, his, who, whose.
Prepositions: in, out, on, under, etc.
Numerals: one, two, three, four, etc.
Conjunctions; and, but, till, as, etc.
National words of Anglo-Saxon origin include: such groups as words denoting:
Parts of the body ( head, hand, arm, back, etc.)
Members of the family and closest relatives (father, mother, brother, son, wife)
Natural phenomena and planets (snow, rain, wind, frost, sun, the Moon)
Animals (horse, cow, sheep, cat)
Qualities and properties (old, young, cold, hot, heavy, light, white, long, etc.)
Common actions (do, make, go, come, see, hear, eat, etc.)
Borrowings in the English language
In its 15 century long history recorded in written manuscripts the English language happened to come in long close contacts; with several other languages, mainly Latin, French and Old Norse (or Scandinavian). Due to the great influence of the Roman civilization/Latin was for a long time used in England as the language of learning and religion.
Old Norse was the language of the conquerors who were on the same level of social and cultural development and who merged rather easily with the local population in the 9th, 10th and the first half of the 11th century.
French (to be more exact its Norman dialect) was the language of the other conquerors who brought with them a lot of new notions of a higher-social system developed feudalism, it was the language of upper classes, of official documents and school instruction from the middle of the 11th century to the end of the 14th century.
The greatest number of borrowings has come from French. They referred to the various fields of social, scientific and cultural life. A large portion of them (41%) is scientific and technical terms,
Borrowings enter the language in two ways;
Through oral speech (by immediate contact between the peoples) and 2) Through written speech (by indirect contact through books, etc.). 0ral borrowings took place chiefly in the early periods of history, whereas in recent times written borrowings' gained importance. Words borrowed orally (e.g. L. inch, mill, street) are usually short and they undergo more changes in the act of adoption. Written borrowings (e.g. Fr. communiqué, belletrist2) preserve their spelling; they are often rather long and their assimilation, is a long and laborious.