14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English

"English . . . has only one inflectional form to express time: the past tense marker (typically -ed), as in walked, jumped, and saw. There is therefore a two-way tense contrast in English: I walk vs. I walked--present tense vs past tense. English has no future tense ending, but uses a wide range of other techniques to express future time (such as will/shall, be going to, be about to, and future adverbs). The linguistic facts are uncontroversial. However, people find it extremely difficult to drop the notion of 'future tense' (and related notions, such as imperfect, future perfect, and pluperfect tenses) from their mental vocabulary, and to look for other ways of talking about the grammatical realities of the English verb." (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge Univ. Press, 2003)

"Some grammarians define a tense as an inflection of the verb--a change of meaning you achieve by altering the form of the verb. So the past tense of win is won. In this sense, English has only two tenses, present and past. But for everyday use--especially for those who are studying foreign languages--this strict definition of tense is not very helpful. There is a broader use of the word [tense]: a form of the verb phrase which gives information about aspect and time."

"Traditionally, tense is defined in terms of time. But labels such as past, present, and future tense are misleading, since the relationship between the tenses is more complicated than the labels suggest. Past and present tenses can be used in some circumstances to refer to future time (e.g. If he came tomorrow . . ., If he comes tomorrow . . .), present tenses can refer to the past (as in newspaper headlines, e.g. Minister resigns . . ., and in colloquial narrative, e.g. So she comes up to me and says . . .), and so on." Tense and Aspect "Traditional grammarians and modern linguists have approached this complicated area of languages with slightly different terminological conventions. What many traditional grammarians label as various kinds of 'tense,' modern linguists split into two different ideas, namely:

Tense, which is strictly to do with WHEN something happened or was the case;

Aspect, which is concerned with factors such as the DURATION or COMPLETENESS of events and states of affairs.

For English, this difference of terminology comes out mainly in relation to the perfect and the progressive, which many traditional grammarians would treat as part of the system of tense, but modern linguists treat as belonging to the system of aspect."

"Tense and aspect have risen to some prominence within linguistics in recent decades as various theories have taken first the verb and then the inflectional system associated with it to be the central component of the clause. This has manifested itself most obviously in syntax and morphology, but the effort to understand the meaning and use of time-related expressions has coincidentally played a significant role in the development of new theories of semantics and pragmatics, and those theories, in turn, have prompted further research into tense and aspect. . . .

"Almost every area of linguistics, with the exception of phonetics and phonology, has its own approach to tense and aspect. Not only do morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics differ in their terminology and methodology, but each area has its own distinct Problematik--they naturally seek to answer quite different questions where tense and aspect are concerned."

15. The Aim of Practical grammar and Theoretical grammar.

Any language cannot exist without words, which are necessary for any language.

But words by themselves don't complete the language. Words can be a language only in case when they are organized. It defines their usage and allows a language to have a meaningful character. Language is a unity of its lexical, sound and grammatical structures. Studying of all these linguistic fields gives us a generalized imagination of a certain language as a system. Thus, a systematic study of the grammatical structure of Modern English is the object of Theoretical English Grammar. The aims of the theoretical course of Grammar are to give an analysis of English Grammatical structure in the light of general principles of linguistics. In the course of the history of linguistics many different views of language and languages have been put forward. It is necessary to say that the treatment of a language as a system was characteristic of the grammarians of the \7^l century. Their works were not linguistic in many modern sense, they were not based on the assumption that the state of a language at a given period was a system and could be treated as such. This view was then developed until the early years of the 20^th century, when the Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913) laid the foundations of a new linguistic theory acknowledging such. De Saussure's views were then developed and modified by various schools of modern linguistic thinking. It is on the basis of this view that a theoretical investigation of the grammatical system of a language at a definite point of its history becomes possible and fruitful. Today grammar is considered to be a system of contact connections both of morphemes (as the smallest meaningful units within the word) and sentences (as the largest meaningful units) within the speech complexes. That is why grammar is limited by the spheres of morphemes, words, sentences and speech complexes. We shall speak of morphology & syntax as about 2 parts of grammar.