- •1. The Aim and Object of discipline Lexicology
- •Lexicology and linking branches of Linguistics.
- •The Research Methods of Lexicology.
- •Immediate Constituents Analysis
- •The Main Lexical Units of the English language
- •Morphological Structure of the English words.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Suffixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Affixation. Prefixation and its classification.
- •Word-building: Conversion and its types.
- •Abbreviations: extra-linguistic and linguistic causes. Lexical abbreviations.
- •Abbreviations: The Origin of the word. Initial abbreviations.
- •Word-building: Sound and Stress interchange.
- •Word-building: Reduplication, Back formation.
- •Word-building: Blends.
- •Semasiology. Polysemantic English words.
- •17.Semantic Structure of English words.
- •18.The Main Semantic Aspects of Compounds.
- •19.Synonyms. Different Types of Synonyms.
- •20.Antonyms. Classification of Antonyms.
- •21.Etymology of English Words. Native and Borrowings.
- •22.Modern Borrowings in the English Language.
- •23.Classification of Borrowings.
- •Classification of Borrowings.
- •24.Homonyms. Classification of Homonyms
- •25.Euphemisms and its main characteristics
- •26.Neologisms and their different semantic groups
- •27.Phraseological Units and Idioms. Principles of Classification
- •28. Different Classifications of Phraseological Units
- •29. The British and American variants of the English.
- •30. Formal and Informal Styles of Speech
- •Vocabulary
- •The main functions of the phoneme.
- •The syllabic structure of English words.
- •Functional aspect of word stress.
- •Differences in the position of stress in English, Kazakh and Russian.
- •9.The main types of syllables.
- •10.Components of intonation.
- •Grammar as a science. Its aim and objects.
- •The Noun and its characteristic features as a part of speech.
- •The verb and its grammatical categories
- •The category of Voice.
- •The Pronoun. Classification of Pronouns.
- •The Adjective. Degrees of Comparison.
- •Two parts of grammar: Morphology and Syntax.
- •Word and morpheme as basic notions of Morphology.
- •The Numeral. Classification of Numerals.
- •The Article. Difficulties of the study of articles.
- •14. The system of grammatical tenses in Modern English
- •16. The secondary parts of the sentence.
- •18. The Adverb. Classification of Adverbs.
- •Compound and Complex sentences.
- •20. Main verbs and auxiliary verbs.
9.The main types of syllables.
The syllable is a phonetic and phonological unit. It may be defined as one or more speech-sounds forming a single uninterrupted unit of utterance which may be a whole word (e.g. man, cat) or part of it (morning, baby).It is generally known that speech is a continuum. However, it can be broken into minimal pronounceable units into which sounds show a tendency to group themselves. These smallest phonetic groups are generally given the name of syllables.It is a complicated phenomena and it can be studied on four levels: articulatory, acoustic, auditory, functional which means that the syllable can be approached from different points of view.
(1) Acoustically and auditorily a syllable is characterized by the force of utterance, or accent, pitch of the voice, sonority and length.
(2) Articulatory characteristics of a syllable are connected with sounds juncture and with the theories of syllable formation and syllable division.
(3) Functional or phonemic characteristics of a syllable are connected with the constitutive, recognitive and distinctive properties of a syllable.
(4) Syllables in writing are called syllabographs and are connected with the morphemic structure of words.
The main types of syllables:
A syllable can be formed by a single word (chair) or a part of a word (later). A syllable can be formed by a vowel (V), a vowel and a consonant (VC), by a consonant and a sonorant (CS). In English there are distinguished four types of syllables:
1) Open (ends in vowel) no (CV)
2) Closed (ends in consonant) odd (VC)
3) Covered note (CV(C)
4) Uncovered oak (V(C)
V types can be called uncovered open. VC types are called closed uncovered. CV types are called covered open. CVC types are called closed covered.G.P.Torsuyev suggests to differentiate the following types of syllabic structure:
V type – fully open
CVC type – fully closed
CV type – initially covered
VC type - finally covered.
10.Components of intonation.
1. Speech melody, or pitch, is the variations in the pitch of the voice, which take place when voiced sounds, especially vowels and sonorants, are pronounced in connected speech. The pitch of speech sounds is produced by vibrations of the vocal cords.
2. Stress in speech is the greater prominence which is given to one or more words in a sentence as compared with the other words of the same sentence. In English this greater prominence is achieved by uttering the stressed words with greater force of exhalation and muscular tension that the unstressed words, as well as by a change in the pitch and by an increase in the length of stressed syllables of words in the sentence.
3. The voice quality, or tamber is a special colouring of the voice in pronouncing sentences which is superimposed by on speech melody and shows the speaker’s emotions, such as joy, sadness, irony, anger, indignation, etc.
4. The tempo of speech is the speed with which sentences or their parts are pronounced. It is determined by the rate at which speech sounds are uttered and by the number and length of pauses.
The rate of speech may be normal, slow and fast.
By “pause’ scientists mean a stop of phonation. It is sufficient to distinguish three types of pauses.
1. Short pause to separate intonation groups,
2. Longer pauses to manifest the end of the phrase,
3. Very long pauses to separate phonetic wholes.
Functionally, there may be syntactic, emphatic and hesitation pauses.
Syntactic pauses separate phrases, intonation groups. Emphatic pauses serve to make especially prominent certain parts of the utterance. Hesitation pauses are used in speech to gain time to think over what to say next.
Closely connected with the tempo of speech is its rhythm: the recurrence of stressed syllables at more or less equal intervals of time. Rhythm is so typical of an English phrase that the incorrect use of rhythm betrays the non-English origin of a speaker even in cases of correct pronunciation. Therefore, the tempo and rhythm of speech may be said to constitute the temporal component of intonation.
5. Word stress is also considered to be a component of intonation by some linguists. This component is closely connected with the pitch or melody component.
The components of intonation are said to form a unity, because they always function together and none of them can be separated from any of the others in actual speech: it is only possible to single out each component for the purposes of intonational analysis.
Especially close is the connection between speech melody and sentence stress which are the most important and the most thoroughly investigated components of English intonation. As to the other components, they play only a subordinate and auxiliary parting performing this or that particular function of intonation.
THEORETICAL GRAMMAR