9. The style of scientific prose.

The aim – is to prove the result of scientific research & to convey exact scientific inf-n.

Features:

• logical sequence of sent-ce

• exactness

• impersonality, which results in great number passive constructions

• the use of terms

• the w-s are used in their primary logical mng

• neutral & common literary w-s in scientific prose FS are explained either in the context or in footnotes

• the st is predominantly unemotional, yet emotiveness excluded completely. There are some metaphors, which are used to create better explanation.

3 types of sentence pattern. They are:

●Argumentative;

●Formulative;

●Postulatery:

– the use of quotations & refernces;

– voc-ry is subdivided into:

A) terms: ex. Oxygen, molecule.

B) general w-s – widely used in the lng.

C) General Scientific Voc-ry – neither w-s of general lng nor special w-s.

10. Graphical expressive means

Graphical expressive means are used to convey in a written form those emotions which in the oral type of speech are expressed by intonation & stress.

GSMs include:

1. Punctuation marks (PM).

Main stylistic f-ns of PMs are:

●to reflect the emphatic intonation of the speaker;

●to indicate the additional stress on the emphasize word or a part of a word;

●to render the author’s attitude to what he is talking about, hinting at a subtext;

●to reflect rhythmical organization of speech.

Exclamation markshows a specific ironic attitude.

Interrogative markused at the end of the sent-ce to indicate the rhetorical q-n which is a statement.

Dash to mark emotional pauses & indicate such feelings as embarrassment, uncertainty, hesitation, nervousness.

A full stop, comma to indicate detachment which makes a member of the sentence more extended.

Inverted commas show that w-s require certain mng usually ironic, sarcastic.

Typographic techniques: Italics; Capitalization; Hyphenation; Multiplication of letters; Spacing out; Bold type; Graphar.

All these techniques are used with purpose of emphasis and pronounced with great emphasis.

Hyphenation also suggests a clipped manner in which it’s pronounced.

As for graphon, is intentional violation of the graphical shape of a word or word combination used to reflect its authentic pronunciation to recreate the individual and social peculiarities of the speaker and the atmosphere of the communication act.

Graphon indicates irregularities of pronunciation and supplies information about the speaker’s origin, social and educational background, physical or emotional conditions.

Can be caused by temporary (age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed topic) and permanent factors (social status, educational factor, educational factor).

Some formes have become clishes, e.g. gotta, mighta, willya, coupla (couple of).

11. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.

Onomatopoeia – a combination of speech sounds which aims at imitating sounds produced in nature by themes, by people or animals. Therefore the relation b-n onomatopoeia & the phenomenon it is supposed to represent is 1 of metonymy.

2 variants of Onomatopoeia:

1. direct – is contrasted in w-s that imitate natural sounds. These w-s have dif-nt degrees of imitative quality.

2. indirect – is a combination of sounds. The aim of which to make the sound of an utterance an echo & it sense. Indirect onomatopoeia depends some action of what makes the sound. Ex. Burble  water, clink щелкать.

Alliteration – is the repetition of similar sounds, in particular consonant sounds, in close succession, particularly at the beginning of successive words. In English phraseology there are a number of expressions, proverbs & sayings which are based on alliteration. Ex. Last but not least.

Assonance – the repetition of similar stressed vowels within the line or stanza. Both alliteration & assonance may produce the effect of euphony (a sense of ease & comfort in pronouncing & hearing) & cacophony (a sense of discomfort in pronouncing or hearing).

Rhyme – alternation of stressed & unstressed syllables more or less regular.

Rhyming w-s are generally placed at distance from each other but identity and similarity of sound combinations may be relative. That’s why the 1^st criterion is identity of sound. From this point of view we distinguish:

●full rhyme – presupposes identity of vowel sound & the following cons-t sound in a stressed syllable. Ex. Flood – blood.

●incomplete rhymes:

♦Vowel rhymes – the vowel of the syllables in corresponding w-s are identical but the cons-ts may be dif-nt. Eg. Advice – compromise.

♦In cons-t rhymes – the cons-ts are identical but vowels are dif-nt. Eg. Grew – grow.

The 2nd criterion is morphological char-cs. From this point of view we distinguish:

● broken rhymes – when one word rhymes with the combination of words, eg. Better – forget her.

● eye-rhymes – where the letters but not sounds are identical. Eg. Love – prove, flood – brood, have – brave. It can only be perceived in the written verse.

F-ns of rhyme (are released simultaneously):

1. disserving – breaks the line into 2 distinct part, making the reader to pause.

2. consolidating – it unites the ideas expressed in 2 parts.

Rhythm – alternation of stressed & unstressed syllables, the combination of the ideal metrical skill, its variations, governed by the standard.

2 kind of rhythm in lng:

●syllable-timed – where syllables appear at regular interval of time and all syllables have the same length. Eg. Italian.

●stressed-timed – where stressed syllables appear at regular intervals. Eg. English.

Aims:

• To intensify the options;

• Helps to get the flow of thoughts

• Conveys feelings, mood of the author & his ch-rs

• Adds specific importance to sum ideas & feelings

• Has impressive symbolic or graphic f-ns

• Can imitate movement, behavior or setting.

In English poetry rhythm is manifested in a metrical pattern – consists of 2 or 3 syllables only 1 of which is stressed.

Metrical patterns:

● iambic – 1 unstressed syllable is followed by 1 stressed syllable

● trochaic – 1 stressed syllable is followed by 1 unstressed

● dactylic – 1 stressed syllable is followed by 2 unstressed.

● amphibrach –1 stressed syllable is between 2 unstressed.

●anapest – 1 stressed syllable is between 4 unstressed syllables.