- •1. Stylistics. Its subject-matter. Branches. Literary and Linguistic s.Decoding.
- •2. The general concept of style. The problems of functional styles. Classification.
- •3. Stylistic classification of the English vocabulary
- •4. Stylistics. The concept of imagery. Expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •5. The style of official documents and its substyles.
- •6. The newspaper style and its peculiarities
- •7. The publicistic style
- •8. The belle-letters style
- •10. Graphical expressive means
- •11. Phonetic expressive means and stylistic devices.
- •9. The style of scientific prose.
- •12. Morphological stylistic means. The notion of transposition
- •13. Metaphor, metonymy, irony
- •14. Zeugma, pun, antonomasia.
- •15. Periphrasis, simile, hyperbole
- •16. Lexical stylistic devices: stylistic function of set expressions.
- •17. Classification of lexical stylistic devices. Epithet, Oxymoron
- •18. Inversion, detachment, parallel constructions, chiasmus.
- •19. Classification of syntactical stylistic devices. Repetition, represented speech
- •20. Enumeration, suspense, climax, antithesis
- •21. Syntactical stylistic devices based on peculiar linkage
- •22. Ellipses, aposiopesis, question-in-the-narrative, litotes, rhetorical questions.
- •23. Discourse. Types of discourse
- •24. The noun/ the article and their stylistic potential
- •25. The pronoun/ the adjective/ the verb and their stylistic potential.
- •27. Passage as a text element.
12. Morphological stylistic means. The notion of transposition
Morphology is a branch of linguistics which studies the structure of words, word-combinations, parts of speech and their grammatical categories.
On the level of morphology Stylistics studies the use of forms of parts of speech in unusual for them grammatical meaning.
Noan Chomsky formulated a rule which called “grammatical gradation”. He created a scale with two opposite poles. On the one pole there is grammatically correct structures, they are called “marked structures”. On the other pole there is grammatically incorrect structures – “unmarked structures”. Between marked and unmarked there is a space for semi-marked structures. These are structures which are marked with deviations from lexical or grammatically valency. In other terms this is called transposition.
Transposition – is a phenomenon that destroys normal or regular or standard valences.
Transposition – is a divergence between what is traditionally denoted and what is situationally denoted on the level of morphology.
This transposition or violation of usual grammatical meaning gives the speaker an opportunity to sound more expressive, more emotional, more original and unusual.
Approaches to the notion of transposition:
1. Transposition from one part of speech into another, or the formation of words with the help of suffixes.
2. The unusual usage of grammatical categories.
13. Metaphor, metonymy, irony
Metaphor – the transference of some quality from 1 object to another. The main f-n is to create images & communicate new ideas. The basis of met-r – the mental process of comparison. They can be emboded in all basic part of speech: n, v, adj.
Noun-metaphors – are classified into several types depending on the type of identification of tenor & vehicle.
Types of Noun-met-rs:
1. T is V: the old women (T) is a fox (V).
2. T turns into V: the river turned into snake.
3. Smth makes T into V: the rising sun made every cloud (T) into a bonfire (V).
4. V replaces T: I myself hunt this wolf (V) to death.
Met-rs (semantically):
1. genuine (fresh) m-rs: original, unexpected.
2. title (dead) m-rs – are commonly used in everyday communic-n and are (may be) used in dic-ies.
3. traditional m-rs – are common at a definite period of type.
Met-rs (structurally):
1. simple – are realized in 1 word & create 1 image.
2. complexed (sustained) – realized in a number of logically connected w-s & creation a series of images.
The relevant of met-or is called personification.
Personification – is a SD were abstract ideas in animate objects re identified with people. The technics to create P: capitalization; the use of she\he instead of it; use of verbs peculiar to human beings. The aim of usage: ●to express aurthor’s visual of the world; ●to make abstract ideas more concrete, vivid ●to impart the dynamic course.
Metonymy – a deliberate use of w-s in two mngs (dic-ry & contextual one) the basis for it is not similarity of notions but assosiation which connect notions permanently or temporarily. eg. He felt as if he must find a sympathetic ear.
Metonymy can be based on dif-nt types of assosiations: ● a symbol is used instead of a person or thing nominated: the Crown (=King or Queen); ●the container instead of the thing contained: He drinked 1 more cup; ●aurtor instead of his works: He is reading Byron; ●the instrument instead of the action performed with this instrument; ●the abstract instead of concrete; ●a leading feature of a person instead of possession: The moustache came in.
Senocdoсhe – 1 part of the object is used instead of the whole object or the whole object is used instead of its parts. Eg. All eyes were on him.
Irony – SD used on simultaneous relations of 2 meanings (dic-ry & contextual) but these 2 mngs stand in opposition to each other. It doesn’t create a humorous effect, but express a feeling of irritation, displeasure, pity or regret through a positive statement. In written speech it is written in commas or italics. Eg. ‘Nice weather’ (on in rainy day).
Types of irony:
1) verbal – it is possible to indicate exact word whose contextual mng is opposite to its dic-ry mng.
2) sustained – the effect of irony is created by a number of statements.