17. Classification of lexical stylistic devices. Epithet, Oxymoron

Gr 1. Interaction of different types of lexical mng: a) contextual & dictionary mng (Metaphor, metonymy, irony), b) primary & derivation logical (zeugma, pun), c) logical & emotive (oxymoron, epithet), d) logical & nominative (antonomasia).

Gr 2. Intensification of a feature (hyperbole, simile, periphrases).

Gr 3. Peculiar use of set expressions (cliché, proverb, epigram, quotation, allusion, decomposition of set phrases).

Epithet – a peculiar use of a phrase or word in an attributive function which directly reveals the writer’s emotional attitude to describe object. eg. a blue morning.

Structurally epithets:

●simple – may be introduced by adj-es which are used in attributive f-n;

●compound – are based on compound adj-es: an apple-faced women;

●two-step – consist of adv+adj where adverb is used for intensification: a marvelously beautiful smile;

●phrase – words are hyphened;

●reversed – 2 nouns are linked with the help of ‘of-phrase’: the shadow of smile.

Semantically: 1) fixed – stable word-combinations as a result of frequent use; 2) figurative – which are based on metaphors, similes.

Oxymoron– variety of epithets & is the combination of 2 w-s mostly adj +N or Adv+Adj in which the mngs of the 2 clash being opposite. Such combinations produce a strong emotional effect, give a humorous, ironic or emotional coloring. Eg. terribly beautiful, limited freedom.

Paradox– is a statement in with contradiction is on the surface. Eg. The worst-the better; freedom is slavery.

18. Inversion, detachment, parallel constructions, chiasmus.

Inversion – the placing of a sentence elem-s out of its normal position.

2 types: 1) complete (presupposes that predicate/ predicative is placed before the subject, e.g. Rood am I…); 2) partial (initial position is occupied by secondary members of a sentence).

Aims of inversion: - to attract special reader’s attention to the part of the sentence shifted into the front position; - to emphasize the idea expressed in the sent-ce; - to give the description and emotional coloring and intensify the main character’s feelings; - to create rhythm.

Detachment – a secondary member of a s-ce (an attribute or adv modifier) is placed away from the word it refers to and gains some kind of syntactical independence and a great degree of significance.

Parenthesis – is the variant of detachment. It-s an explanatory remark put at the body of a statement and frequently separated by brackets. It’s used to reproduce two parallel thoughts to more the s-ce more noticeable, emphatic, to avoid monotonous repetition of similar construction, to give colloquial char-r to the author’s narration.

Parallelism (parallel constr-s) – is cases of repetition of identical or similar syntactical structures.

2 types: 1) complete; 2) partial.

Usually they are supported by other devices: antithesis, climax, repetition, enumeration. It’s used in different styles, it’s always sense-motivated.

Aims: - to make the writing clear and balanced; - to emphasize this or that facts or part of a sentence; - to create a certain rhythmical arrangement of speech; - to intensify similarities or differences between objects.

Chiasmus – it’s based on the repetition of syntactical patterns but it has a reversed order (inverted) in one of the two utterances. S+P+O, O+P+S. The aim: to break the monotony of parallel constructions and give emphasis to the second part.