Grammar focus The Adverb in English

Task 1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying special attention to the underlined adverbs.

1. Deeply buried “wet” rock has a much lower melting temperature than “dry” rock of the same composition.

2. Volatiles (principally water) can lower the melting temperature of hot mantle rock sufficiently to generate magma.

3. The mineral makeup of diorite is primarily sodium-rich plagioclase feldspar and amphibole.

4. The terms tuff and volcanic breccia are frequently used with a modifier, as, for example, rhyolite tuff.

5. Pyroclastic rocks composed mainly of particles larger than ash are called volcanic breccia.

6. The classification of igneous rocks is based largely on two criteria.

7. Workers in underground mines know that temperatures get higher as they go deeper.

8. Although the rate of temperature change varies considerably from place to place, it averages about 25 °C per kilometre in the upper crust.

9. During the crystallization process, the composition of the remaining liquid portion of the magma also continually changes.

Task 2. Look at the adverbs from Task 1. Can all of them form the degrees of comparison? Form the degrees of comparison where it is possible.

Task 3. Form degrees of comparison of the following adverbs. Mind that not all of them can do that.

Carefully, ever, soon, often, usually, fast, early, loud, well, happily, quickly, much, here, yesterday, lately, beneath.

Discussion

Task 1. Read and memorize the following words:

floor – дно (океану)	prominent – відомий, видатний, помітний
linear - вузький, довгий, витягнутий	adjacent to – бути прилеглим, який примикає, суміжним, сусіднім
margin – шельф, край	gently sloping – похилий, пологий
ridge - гірський кряж, гірський хребет; пасмо гір; вододіл	plain - рівнина
scenery – ландшафт, вид	boundary – кордон, межа
trench – океанська западина, каньйон	fraction - частина; частка

Task 2. Read the text. Talk about the major features of the ocean basins. Pay special attention to the pronunciation of the following words and word-combinations, transcribe them: boundary, canyons, plateaus, oceanographers, continental shelf, adjacent, abyssal plains. What are the three major regions of the ocean floor and some features associated with each?

If all water were drained from the ocean basins, a great variety of features would be seen, including linear chains of volcanoes, deep canyons, extensive plateaus, and flat plains. In fact, the scenery would be nearly as diverse as that on the continents. Oceanographers have gradually mapped significant portions of the ocean floor. From these studies they have defined three major regions: continental margins, deep-ocean basins, and oceanic (mid-ocean) ridges.

The continental margin is that portion of the seafloor adjacent to major landmasses. It may include the continental shelf, the continental slope, and the continental rise. Although land and sea meet at the shoreline, this is not the boundary between the continents and the ocean basins. Rather, along most coasts a gently sloping platform, called the continental shelf, extends seaward from the shore. The boundary between the continents and the deep-ocean basins lies along the continental slope, which is a relatively steep drop off that extends from the outer edge of the continental shelf to the floor of the deep ocean.

Between the continental margins and oceanic ridges lie the deep-ocean basins. Parts of these regions consist of incredibly flat features called abyssal plains. The ocean floor also contains extremely deep depressions that are occasionally more than 11,000 m deep. Although these deep ocean trenches are relatively narrow and represent only a small fraction of the ocean floor, they are nevertheless very significant features. Other trenches parallel linear island chains called volcanic island arcs. Dotting the ocean floor are submerged volcanic structures called seamounts, which sometimes form long narrow chains. Volcanic activity has also produced several large lava plateaus.

The most prominent feature on the ocean floor is the oceanic or mid-ocean ridge. This broad elevated feature forms a continuous belt that winds for more than 70,000 km around the globe. The oceanic ridge system consists of layer upon layer of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted.

Task 3. Look at Figure 3.1. Try to analyze major surface features of the geosphere using the information from Task 1.

Task 4. Fill in the gaps with on from the suitable words: