- •History of the English Language in Tables
- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •List of abbreviation
- •Branches of indo-european family of languages
- •Old and modern germanic languages
- •Comparative linguists of the XIX century
- •Periodization of the history of the english language
- •Ancient history of britain the earliest inhabitants
- •Old english kingdoms and dialects
- •The earliest written records of germanic languages
- •Henry sweet’s linguistic characteristics of the period
- •Grimm’s law
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless fricatives
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless stops
- •Ie voiced aspirated stops correspond to cg voiced stops
- •Verner’s law
- •Scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of the norman conquest borrowings from the norman dialect of french
- •The development of vowels in old english
- •The development of consonants
- •In old english
- •Declination of nouns
- •In old english
- •Old english adjectives strong declension
- •Weak declension
- •Degrees of comparison of adgectives
- •In old english
- •Old english numerals
- •Old english pronouns
- •Verb categories in old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in old english
- •Weak verbs in old english
- •Preterite-present verbs in old english
- •Anomalous verbs in old english
- •Peculiarities of middle english spelling
- •Middle english vowels
- •Quantitative changes of stressed vowels
- •In early middle english
- •Great vowel shift
- •Development of sibilants and affricates
- •In early middle english
- •Development of sibilants and affricats
- •In early new english
- •Voicing of consonants in early new english
- •Simplification of consonant clusters
- •Reduction of unstressed vowels and syllables in middle english
- •Dialect changes of some vowels
- •In middle english
- •Weakening of case endings of nouns in early middle english (XII – XIII centuries)
- •Development of personal pronouns in middle english and new english in comparison with old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in middle english Development of Basic Forms
- •Classes of weak verbs in middle english as compared with old english
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from the russian language
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from non-european languages
- •Syntax of old english phrases
- •Syntax of old english simple sentences
- •Syntax of old english composite sentences
- •Библиографический список
Henry sweet’s linguistic characteristics of the period
OE – the period of full endings
ME – the period of leveled endings
NE – the period of lost endings
In case a more detailed diachronic analysis is needed, every period can be subdivided into Early and Late |
EOE VII – VIII cc. OE LOE IX – XI cc. EME XII – XIII cc. ME LME XIV – XVI cc. ENE XVII – XVIII cc. NE LOE XIX – XXI cc. |
Table 5
Ancient history of britain the earliest inhabitants
The Iberians The Scots, the Picts The Gaels The Celts The Britons The Belgae The Roman Conquest: J. Caesar
Claudius The Anglo-Saxon Conquest: Hengest and Horsa, two leaders of the invaders |
3000 B.C. 2000 B.C. 700 B.C. 500 B.C. 100 B.C.
55 B.C. 54 B.C. 43 B.C.
449 A.D. |
Old english kingdoms and dialects
The Tribes |
The Parts of England |
The Kingdoms |
The Main Dialects |
The Jutes (the Frisians) |
Kent and the Isle of Wight |
Kent |
Kentish |
The Saxons |
south of the Thames |
Wessex Essexs Sussexs |
West Saxon |
The Angles |
north of the Thames |
East Anglia Mercia Northumbria |
Mercian Northumbrian |
Table 6
The earliest written records of germanic languages
# |
Manuscript |
Period |
Dialect |
1. |
Runic inscriptions (The Ruthwell Cross, The Frank’s Casket, etc.) |
V – VIII cc. |
West Germanic: Northumbrian |
2. |
The Insertions in Latin texts (“Bede’s Death Song”, “Cӕdmon’s Hymn”); translation of the gospels |
VIII c. |
West Germanic: Northumbrian |
3. |
Anglo-Saxon Charters; translation of the Psalter; translation of Psalms (L – LXX) |
VIII – IX cc. |
West Germanic: Kentish, West-Saxon, Mercian |
4. |
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles; King Alfred’s translation of Orosius World History with insert. |
IX c. |
West Germanic: West Saxon |
5. |
King Alfred’s translation of Pope Gregory the Great’s Pastoral Care, a book of instructions for priests |
IX c. |
West Germanic: West Saxon |
6. |
Beowulf, an epic of the VII or the VIII c., composed in the Northumbrian or Mercian dialect |
X c. |
West Germanic: West Saxon copy |
7. |
Glosses to the Gospels |
X – XI cc. |
West Germanic: Mercian, Northumbrian |
8. |
Religious poems about lives of apostles; works of the abbot Ӕlfric; sermons of Wulfstan |
X – XI cc. |
West Germanic: West Saxon |
Table 7