- •History of the English Language in Tables
- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •List of abbreviation
- •Branches of indo-european family of languages
- •Old and modern germanic languages
- •Comparative linguists of the XIX century
- •Periodization of the history of the english language
- •Ancient history of britain the earliest inhabitants
- •Old english kingdoms and dialects
- •The earliest written records of germanic languages
- •Henry sweet’s linguistic characteristics of the period
- •Grimm’s law
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless fricatives
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless stops
- •Ie voiced aspirated stops correspond to cg voiced stops
- •Verner’s law
- •Scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of the norman conquest borrowings from the norman dialect of french
- •The development of vowels in old english
- •The development of consonants
- •In old english
- •Declination of nouns
- •In old english
- •Old english adjectives strong declension
- •Weak declension
- •Degrees of comparison of adgectives
- •In old english
- •Old english numerals
- •Old english pronouns
- •Verb categories in old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in old english
- •Weak verbs in old english
- •Preterite-present verbs in old english
- •Anomalous verbs in old english
- •Peculiarities of middle english spelling
- •Middle english vowels
- •Quantitative changes of stressed vowels
- •In early middle english
- •Great vowel shift
- •Development of sibilants and affricates
- •In early middle english
- •Development of sibilants and affricats
- •In early new english
- •Voicing of consonants in early new english
- •Simplification of consonant clusters
- •Reduction of unstressed vowels and syllables in middle english
- •Dialect changes of some vowels
- •In middle english
- •Weakening of case endings of nouns in early middle english (XII – XIII centuries)
- •Development of personal pronouns in middle english and new english in comparison with old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in middle english Development of Basic Forms
- •Classes of weak verbs in middle english as compared with old english
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from the russian language
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from non-european languages
- •Syntax of old english phrases
- •Syntax of old english simple sentences
- •Syntax of old english composite sentences
- •Библиографический список
Linguistic consequences of the norman conquest borrowings from the norman dialect of french
Semantic spheres |
Examples |
Government and administration |
crown country state power government minister reign parliament |
Social relations |
people nation |
Feudal system |
feudal vassal |
Names of titles |
prince marquise peer baron duke viscount |
Military terms |
army battle siege admiral arms march officer enemy banner war soldier troops force peace guard victory |
Law terms |
justice court traitor judge accuse sentence crime jury |
Church terms |
religion angel abbey miracle service saint clergy pray sermon chapel |
Art and architecture |
image figure arch column design ornament tower palace |
Town profession |
butcher painter tailor |
Amusements |
pleasure leisure feast |
Cuisine |
dinner supper roast toast souce soup sausage dish |
Court life and other words |
noble fine honour glory courteous refined place cloth table chair air river large change commence search |
Some objects had two different names of English and French origin:
ox, cow – beef
calf – veal
sheep – mutton
swine, boar – pork, bacon
deer – venison
Table 11
The development of vowels in old english
Processes |
Changes |
Examples |
|
a a > ӕ ȃ
ǣ ē > ea |
daʒos > daʒos ϸata > ϸӕt mann > mȃn
slēpan > slǣpan jēr > ʒear |
|
ӕ > ea before the groups r+cons., l+cons., h+cons., h final
e > eo before the groups r+cons., lc, lh, h+cons., h final |
ӕrm > earm ӕld > eald ӕhta > eahta sӕh > seah
herte > heorte melcan > meolcan selh > seolh feh > feoh |
(ʒ, c which influence only front vowels and sc which influences all vowels) |
e > ie ӕ > ea ǣ > ēā a > ea o > eo |
ʒefan > ʒiefan ʒef > ʒeaf ʒefon > ʒēāfon scacan > sceacan scort > sceort |
(i - mutation) |
under the influence i (or j ) the preceeding back vowel moved to a higher front position, then they disappeared |
sandian > sendan |
(u, o, a - mutation) |
i > io
e > eo a > ea |
hira > hiora silufr > siolufr hefon > heofon saru > searu |
|
ah+vowel > eah+vowel > ēa
eh(ih)+vowel > ēō
oh+vowel > ō |
slahan > sleahan > slēan
sehan>seohan>sēōn
fōhan > fōn |
Table 12