- •History of the English Language in Tables
- •Содержание
- •Введение
- •List of abbreviation
- •Branches of indo-european family of languages
- •Old and modern germanic languages
- •Comparative linguists of the XIX century
- •Periodization of the history of the english language
- •Ancient history of britain the earliest inhabitants
- •Old english kingdoms and dialects
- •The earliest written records of germanic languages
- •Henry sweet’s linguistic characteristics of the period
- •Grimm’s law
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless fricatives
- •Ie voiceless stops correspond to cg voiceless stops
- •Ie voiced aspirated stops correspond to cg voiced stops
- •Verner’s law
- •Scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of scandinavian invasion
- •Linguistic consequences of the norman conquest borrowings from the norman dialect of french
- •The development of vowels in old english
- •The development of consonants
- •In old english
- •Declination of nouns
- •In old english
- •Old english adjectives strong declension
- •Weak declension
- •Degrees of comparison of adgectives
- •In old english
- •Old english numerals
- •Old english pronouns
- •Verb categories in old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in old english
- •Weak verbs in old english
- •Preterite-present verbs in old english
- •Anomalous verbs in old english
- •Peculiarities of middle english spelling
- •Middle english vowels
- •Quantitative changes of stressed vowels
- •In early middle english
- •Great vowel shift
- •Development of sibilants and affricates
- •In early middle english
- •Development of sibilants and affricats
- •In early new english
- •Voicing of consonants in early new english
- •Simplification of consonant clusters
- •Reduction of unstressed vowels and syllables in middle english
- •Dialect changes of some vowels
- •In middle english
- •Weakening of case endings of nouns in early middle english (XII – XIII centuries)
- •Development of personal pronouns in middle english and new english in comparison with old english
- •Classes of strong verbs in middle english Development of Basic Forms
- •Classes of weak verbs in middle english as compared with old english
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc.
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from the russian language
- •Enrichment of vocabulary in XV-XIX cc. Loan-words from non-european languages
- •Syntax of old english phrases
- •Syntax of old english simple sentences
- •Syntax of old english composite sentences
- •Библиографический список
Weak declension
Case |
M |
F |
N |
M F N |
Nom. Gen. Dat. Acc. Instr |
ʒōda ʒōdan ʒōdan ʒōdan ʒōdan |
ʒōde ʒōdan ʒōdan ʒōdan ʒōdan |
ʒōde ʒōdan ʒōdan ʒōde ʒōdan |
ʒōdan ʒōdra ʒōdum ʒōdan – |
Table 15
Degrees of comparison of adgectives
In old english
Degrees of Comparison
|
||
Positive Degree |
Comparative Degree |
Superlative Degree |
|
-ra |
-ost
|
blӕc “black” |
blӕcra |
Blacost |
heard “hard” |
heardra |
Hardest |
lonʒ “long” |
lenʒra |
lenʒest |
eald “old” |
ieldra |
Ieldest |
hēāh “high” |
hīērra, hēāhra |
hīēhst, hȳhst |
sceort “short” |
scyrtra |
Scyrtest |
Suppletive Degrees of Comparison
|
||
ʒōd “good” |
betera sēlra
|
betst sēlest |
yfel “evil” |
wiersa |
Wierest |
micel “large” |
māra |
Mǣst |
lȳtel “little” |
lǣssa |
Lǣst |
Table 16
Old english numerals
Numerals from 1 to 3 were declined, from 4 to 19 were usually invariable, if used as attributes to a noun, but they were declined if used without a noun. Numerals denoting tens had their Gen. in -es or in -a, -ra, their Dat. in -um. They also had the category of gender (M F N). The numeral 1 – ān was declined as a strong adjective. |
Cardinal Numerals |
1 – ān 6 – six 11 – endlefan 16 – siextīene 2 – twā 7 – seofon 12 – twelf 17 – siofontīene 3 – ϸreo 8 – eahta 13 – ϸrīotīene 18 – eahtatīene 4 – fēower 9 – niʒon 14 – fēowertīene 19 – niʒontīene 5 – fīf 10 – tēn, tīen, tȳn 15 – fīftīene 20 – twentiʒ
|
30 – ϸrītiʒ 90 – hundniʒontiʒ 40 – fēowertiʒ 100 – hundtēontiʒ, hund, hundred 50 – fīftiʒ 200 – tū hund 60 – siextiʒ, sixtiʒ 300 – ϸrēo hund 70 – hundsiofontiʒ 1000 – ϸūsend 80 – hundeahtatiʒ 2000 – tū ϸūsendu
22 – twā and twentiʒ 110 – hundӕlleftiʒ 48 – eahta and fēowertiʒ 120 – hundtwelftiʒ |
Ordinal Numerals |
1 – forma, fyresta 11 – endlefta 30 – ϸrittiʒoϸa 2 – ōϸer, ӕtterra 12 – twelfta 40 – fēowertiʒoϸa 3 – ϸridda, ϸirda 13 – ϸreotēoϸa 50 – fīftiʒoϸa 4 – fēorϸa 14 – fēowertēoϸa 60 – siextiʒoϸa 5 – fīfta 15 – fīftēoϸa 70 – hundslofontiʒoϸa 6 – siexta, sixta, syxta 16 – sixtēoϸa 80 – hundeahtatiʒoϸa 7 – siofoϸa 17 – siofontēoϸa 90 – hundniʒontiʒoϸa 8 – eahtoϸa 18 – eahtatēoϸa 100 – hundtēontiʒoϸa 9 – niʒoϸa 19 – niʒontēoϸa 110 – hundӕlleftiʒoϸa 10 – tēoϸa 20 – twentiʒoϸa 120 – hundtwelftiʒoϸa
22nd – twā and twentiʒoϸa or ōϸer ēac twentiʒum 48th – eahta and feortiʒoϸa or eahtoϸa ēac feowertiʒum
|
Table 17