Important, suggested, essential…

require, insist, demand…

refer to real or unreal ( desirable, possible, etc.) situations?

3. Translate the above sentences .

4. Study the structure of the above sentences

Note that:

After such words as essential, important, desirable, required, demanded, etc, the Infinitive without to is used.

Modal verb should is implied but in most cases omitted.

Part II

Practice

1. Translate the sentences.

1. The first proposal for what would later become the metric system was made by a French clergyman, Gabriel Mouton, around 1670

2. The goal of Einstein's unified theory was to get a theoretical framework that would show all four forces to be distinct manifestations of a single underlying force and would also establish a rationale for the presence of the particular species of apparently fundamental particles.

3. All our discoveries today are based on the ideas of men who lived before us; and without their groundwork, modern inventions would have been Impossible.

4. By the mid-1980s, a central prediction of this proposed electroweak theory – the existence of certain crucial particles, known as Ws and Zs, that would perform the same force-carrying function in weak interactions that photons do in electromagnetic interactions – had been confirmed .

5. The resulting enhancement of capabilities, combined with expanded processing power and storage, allows today’s robots to do things such as vacuum a room or help to defuse a roadside bomb – tasks that would have been impossible for commercially produced machines just a few years ago.

5. The so-called “expert systems” succeed only within strictly limited areas of competence, but they would have amazed the computer programmers of the early 1950.

6. Babbage's machine was ahead of its time, but in fact it would not have greatly exceeded the speed of a skilled human calculator - but it would have been more reliable and easier to improve.

7. Encryption schemes such as RSA classical computers show relative inability to very large numbers, but for a quantum computer this task would be trivial.

8. If so, theorists have determined that the earliest moments of the fiery big bang could have produced these particles in precisely the abundance to account for dark matter, and their interactions with normal matter would have been weak enough to make them invisible to telescopes today.

9 So after a generation of anticipation, when the physics community heard rumors that the CDMS experiment had detected something, we tuned in to the online announcement as if it were a Beatles reunion concert.

10. The majority of data currently on computer systems is protected on algorithms whose basis is the inability to factor large numbers; quantum computers would render these methods completely ineffective.

Writing a paper

1. Write 2–3 sentences about some hypothetical ideas/facts/situations in the field of science.

2. Develop one of the ideas in exercise 1 into a short paragraph (5–6 sentences).

Part III