Vocabulary

Read the following.

In the 1970s evidence began to accumulate from observations of our galaxy’s rotation that there was perhaps 10 times as much invisible as visible material out there. Independent calculations of the abundance of light elements expected to be produced in the first minutes after the big bang implied that the universe simply lacked enough protons and neutrons to account for this dark matter if the predictions were to agree with observations. 

Similarly independent computer calculations about the formation of galaxies as the universe expanded suggested that only some new kind of material, which did not interact as normal matter does, could collapse early enough to lead to the structures we see. 

The past 50 years of particle physics has also driven us to realize that for what we see to make sense, a host of new elementary particles quite likely exists. If so, theorists have determined that the earliest moments of the fiery big bang could have produced these particles in precisely the abundance to account for dark matter, and their interactions with normal matter would have been weak enough to make them invisible to telescopes today.

Egged on by the suggestion that such new dark matter particles in our galactic halo might be directly detectable, a brave set of experimentalists began to devise techniques to observe them with detectors deep underground, far from the reach of most cosmic rays that would overwhelm such acute sensors. 

But technologies at the forefront take time to build and develop, and nature rarely reveals its secrets willingly. The hypothesized particles might yet be detected if collisions can create them at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider. And if not, we will all just have to work harder to solve the mystery of dark matter. New challenges bring new inspiration, which isn’t such a bad thing, either.

2. Translate the sentences.

a)

1. By the late 1960s, the resolving power of these machines had increased enormously, allowing physicists to reveal another layer of matter's substructure: each proton and neutron, it was shown, is composed of three smaller particles, dubbed quarks

3. But they have revealed four more species of quarks (whimsically called charm, strange, top, and bottom) and have repeatedly confirmed the existence of a handful of other particles (known as neutrinos) and of two close cousins of the electron (called muons and taus).

4. Yet over the next few decades, experiments revealed that atoms, contrary to the ancient Greek conception, surely must be cuttable, since they were an agglomeration of smaller particles: a swarm of electrons orbiting a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons.

b)

Few of the promised technologies failed for lack of interest. Nor was it usually the case that they were based on erroneous principles, like the perpetual motion machines that vex patent offices

c)

1. The lifestyle which we enjoy today is a result of countless ideas and inventions which have taken many centuries man's history to develop.

2. It would take classical computers years to do the same.

3. Once farming was established, it did not take man long to make special tools for breaking up the ground, and later he began to use the help of domestic animals in pulling his primitive plough.

4. The company’s first offering is an advanced error-correction technology for flash memory that performs with a few probability gate circuit transistors what it takes hundreds of binary digital transistors to accomplish.

5. The process took only a few minutes and was successfully duplicated in additional tests.

6. A 7 qubit system is still the highest number achieved, and it will take several hundred qubits before quantum computers overtake the ability of current classic computers.

These arguments suggest that during inflation the cosmological constant and other parameters could have taken a virtually limitless range of different values.