The Modal Verb Must and its equivalents have to, be to

Forms of the modal verb	Meaning	Ways of rendering in Russian	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
Must	obligation, necessity probability	должен должно быть, скорее всего, наверное	have to (due to circumstances) be to (arising out of plan) It is possible, it is likely may	We must be at the airport by seven. He has to take medicine every day. When am I to get off the tram? That restaurant must be very good as it is always full of people.
Mustn`t	prohibition	не должен, нельзя	may not not be allowed to can`t	You mustn`t leave your mobile on.

The Modal Verbs Should and Ought to

Forms of the modal verb	Meaning	Ways of rendering in Russian	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
Should Ought to	giving advice, making suggestions	нужно следует	I advise you to… I recommend you to…	You should/ought to be more careful.

The Modal Verb Need (as a modal verb is mostly used in the negative form)

Forms of the modal verb	Meaning	Ways of rendering in Russian	Some other ways of expressing the same meaning	Sentence patterns
Need (as a regular verb) Needn`t	necessity absence of necessity	необходимо, нужно нет необходимости, не нужно		Do we need to create a prolonged weightlessness? The teacher needn`t explain such simple things.

Which of the meanings of modal verbs (ability, obligation, necessity, permission, etc.)

do these sentence extracts refer to?

“…the astronauts need tools and parts on board the spaceship…”

“…the astronauts mustn`t stay in space for too long…”

“…any type of space exploration should be postponed…”

“…trainee astronauts have to do a whole range of activities…”

“…we can literally hear the Universe speaking to us…”

This table shows the past, present and future forms of modals referring to

ability, possibility, obligation, necessity, request, giving advice, prohibition, and permission

Present positive	Present negative	Past positive	Past negative	Future positive	Future Negative
can	can`t	could	couldn`t	will be able	won`t be able
be able to	not be able to	was/were able to	wasn`t/ weren`t able to	will be able	won`t be able
may	may not	might	might not	-	-
be allowed to	not be allowed to	was/were allowed to	wasn`t/weren`t allowed to	will be allowed to	won`t be allowed to
be permitted to	not be permitted to	was/were permitted to	wasn`t/weren`t permitted to	will be permitted to	won`t be permitted to
must	mustn`t	had to	wasn`t/weren`t allowed to	-	-
have to (circumstances)	don`t have to	had to	didn`t have to	will have to	won`t have to
be to (plan)	not be to	was/were to	wasn`t/ weren`t to	will be to	won`t be to
should	shouldn`t	should have	shouldn`t have	-	-
need (to)	don`t need (to)	needed (to)	didn`t need (to)	will need (to)	won`t need (to)
ought to	oughtn`t to	ought to have	oughtn`t to have	-	-

Ex.8 Listen to / watch the video⁵ (file 2). What is the best way to ask for permission?

Grammar Орловская И.В.: §24, p. 306, ex. 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 pp.103-104; ex. 20, 22 p. 111

Ex.9. Rewrite the sentences using the correct verb in brackets in the correct form.

1. Are kids allowed to stay on board the space station? (can/must)

2. Cosmonauts wear space suits now, at least during takeoff, landing, and docking. Originally, space suits were not required. (must/have to)

3. It is vitally important to conduct materials-science experiments on the space station. (may/must)

4. Over time, weightlessness causes medical problems in astronauts, such as the deterioration of the spinal cord, so astronauts are advised to train rigorously (строго) in order to avoid it.(must/should)

5. It wasn`t necessary to tell the crew what to do because they already knew. (can/need)

6. Wearing a uniform is obligatory for special occasions. (need/have to).

7. We are not permitted to eat or drink at our computers. (be allowed to)

8. Military experience is not required to become an astronaut. (should/have to)

9. It`s not necessary for you to have advanced degree like PhD to be an astronaut. (must/need)

10. Is it necessary for us to create a prolonged weightlessness to be able to carry out experiments? (need/can)

11. After returning to Earth cosmonauts are not allowed to walk until intensive medical checks are conducted.(may/can)

12. They are advised to exercise for two hours a day during their stays in orbit to maintain their fitness. (must/should)

Lessons 2. Objectives – to introduce the topic of “Materials research on space station”, vocabulary on the topic, develop reading and understanding skills, encourage students to speak on the topic, revising/learning grammar material “The Modal Verb” : Modals of certainty (this activity is for the entire Module)

   

Topical questions

Ex.1 Work with a partner to discuss the following:

1. How interested are you in space?

2. What advances in space research do you know?

3. What have you read or seen about production in space?

4. What physical phenomena govern the process onboard the spaceship?

5. What influence does gravity have on the final product ?

6. How can we use the acquired knowledge and data to improve industrial processes on Earth ?