Phrases/Word formation

no longer, because of, due to, thanks to, to learn/revise suffixes –ness, -ance,/ence, -ist, -ful, -less.

Орловская И.В.: , p. 105 ex. 9, 10; p.106 ex.12; p. 113 ex. 29, p.106-107 ex. 14 A., B

Listening Comprehension

Ex.1 Listen to a story “Gravitational Waves Detected, Einstein Is Right”⁸

(file 4.1 or 4.2 for advanced groups)

Before you start listening read the vocabulary and look through the questions

ripple – n.  рябь, расходящийся волнами, пульсация

predict – v. предсказывать; прогнозировать

detect – v. находить; обнаруживать; открывать;

violent – adj. неистовый; яростный; ожесточённый; отчаянный; сильный

crash - v. сталкиваться; разбиваться на куски; раздробляться

black hole - n. черная дыра

ripple in the fabric of space-time – phrase: волна, проходящая рябью по космическому пространству

spin (v.) - вращать(ся) вокруг продольной оси;

galaxy – n. Галактика

Ex. 2 Answer the following questions.

1. When did Albert Einstein first talk about the waves?

2. What things must hit each other in space for the waves to form?

3. What are the gravitational waves like?

4. Can you see the gravitational waves with your eyes?

5. What did the scientists use to find them?

6. What would the discovery of the waves answer?

Ex. 3 Listen to a part of the story again and complete the sentences below.

It took __o___h____(1) years, but finally, scientists proved Albert Einstein’s theory that gravitational waves e__________(2). The waves were predicted as part of Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity nearly 100 years a_______(3). It was the theory of the physics behind the workings of our world and the u_______________(4).

The idea was that the waves are like ripples in s_____(5), caused by some of the violent and energetic processes in the Universe. For example, two b______ h_________ (6) crashing into each other.

Now a group of scientists, i_________(7) ones from from CalTech, MIT and the LIGO Scientific Collaboration finally found the gravitational waves.

David Reitze is the executive director of the LIGO observatory at CalTech.

“We have d________(8) gravitational waves. We did it! “

Listening Comprehension

Ex.1 A (file 5 as an alternative for a basic group)

Listen to a story “Worms Get Ready to Fly in Space”⁹

Before you start listening read the vocabulary.

worm – n, червеобразное животное

epigenome – n, эпигеном ( совокупность эпигенетических механизмов, которые решают, какие гены в клетке активны, а какие нет)

affect - v, влиять

see-through – adj, прозрачный, видимый насквозь

invertebrate – n, беспозвоночное

persist – v, упорствовать; настойчиво продолжать; выживать

offspring - n, потомство

retain –v, сохранять; удерживать

gene – n, ген; фактор

respond – v, отвечать; реагировать

Ex. 2 A. Decide which statements are true. Correct the wrong statements.

1. Weightlessness can cause bone loss, tiredness.

2. Worms are seldom used in medical studies.

3. 30% of worm DNA is the same as human DNA.

4. The epigenome are chemical markers that tell the DNA in the cells how to perform.

5. C. elegans are bacteria living in water

6. Scientists put the worms in a container with vacuum in order to study how they act in the weightless environment.

7. Scientists can find genes in the human genome similar to those in the worms that responded to microgravity.

8. Worms will be sent to Mars in two years.

Ex. 3 A. Multiple choice. Read the questions and choose the right answer.

1) Why are scientists experimenting with ​C. elegans worms?

а)The worms have DNA that is similar to that of humans.

b)The scientists want to help future astronauts.

c) The worms have a short life span of only two weeks.

d) The scientists are using them for all of these reasons.

2) How did the scientists create a weightless environment for the worms?

a)The scientists sent the worms up in a rocket.

b)They put them into a container of water.

c)The scientists put the worms in a rotating container.

d)They sent them into the air on a plane.

3) What are the scientists looking for in their worm experiments?

a)Changes to the worms' epigenome.

b)Signs of the worms getting airsick.

c)Changes to the worms' social structure.

d)Changes to the worms' reproductive system.

4.How does ​Chandran Sabanayagam hope to apply his research?

a) He thinks a medication can be developed from the worms.

b) Mr. Sabanayagam hopes to develop health tests for astronauts.

c) He hopes to find out how to grow worms in space.

d) Mr. Sabanayagam wants to change the astronauts' genome.