Тема 2. Система англійських фонем.

Concerning the main trends in phoneme theory what does the so-called “functional”view regard?

*the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced speech sounds

the phoneme as a “family” or related sounds satisfying certain conditions

regards the phoneme as an ideal “mental image” or a target at which the speaker aims

Relationships between the contrasting sounds

Concerning the main trends in phoneme theory what does the “mentalistic” or “psychological” view regard?

the phoneme as a “family” or related sounds satisfying certain conditions

*regards the phoneme as an ideal “mental image” or a target at which the speaker aims

*the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced speech sounds

Relationships between the contrasting sounds

Concerning the main trends in phoneme theory what does the “physical» view regard?

regards the phoneme as an ideal “mental image” or a target at which the speaker aims

*the phoneme as the minimal sound unit by which meanings may be differentiated without much regard to actually pronounced speech sounds

*the phoneme as a “family” or related sounds satisfying certain conditions

Relationships between the contrasting sounds

How are called the sounds in the production of which there is some obstruction to the air stream?

vowels

diphthongs

monophthongs

*соnsonants

How do we call the sounds in the production of which there is no obstruction to the air stream?

consonants

voiced

*vowels

voiceless

How do we call a vowel in the production of which the organs of speech do not change their position throughout the hole duration of the sound?

* monophthong

voiced

vowel

voiceless

How are called the sounds which are formed by a rapid blending of two sounds?

voiceless

*diphthong

monophthong

consonant

What sounds do we pronounce when the vocal folds do not vibrate?

Voiced sounds

*voiceless sounds.

Vowel sounds.

Consonant sounds

What sounds do we pronounce when the vocal folds vibrate?

*voiced sounds

voiceless sounds

vowel sounds

consonant sounds

When the voiced sounds are produced?

When the vocal cords do not vibrate

*When the vocal cords vibrate

The vocal cords are kept apart

The vocal cords are brought close together and then open suddenly by the air stream

From the lungs through the wind-pipe the air stream passes to the upper stages of the vocal tract. Where does it pass first of all?

*larynx

pharynx

mouth

Nasal cavities

Find out the correct answer. Sound interchange in the words “calf-calves” manifested the connection of phonetics with (grammar, stylistics, lexicology).

*With grammar

With stylistics

Lexicology

With onomatopoeia

How a phoneme is defined?

*A material, real, objective functional unit

A smaller set of speech sounds

A variant of one and the same sound

An individual sound unit of speech

According to the direction the assimilation in the words “twelve, sweet” is

Progressive

Regressive

*Double

Neutral

According to the degree of stability the assimilation in the word “know” is

*Historical

Obligatory

Non-obligatory

Neutral

Find the definition of consonants

*Are made with the air-stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavity

Are made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth or nasal cavity

Are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise

Are made in the glottis

Find the definition of vowels

*Are made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth or nasal cavity

Are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise

Are made with the air-stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavity

Are made when the vocal cords vibrate

Find the definition of sonorants

Are made with the air-stream that meets an obstruction in the mouth or nasal cavity

Are made in the glottis

*Are sounds pronounced with tone prevailing over noise

Are made with the air stream that meets no closure or narrowing in the mouth or nasal cavity

Nasal sonorants are the sounds in the production of which

The soft palate is raised

*The soft palate is lowered

The soft palate is neutral

The soft palate is tensed

According to the manner of articulation the English consonant [k] is

*Occlusive

Constrictive

Affricate

Rolled

According to the horizontal position of the tongue the vowel [l] is

Front

*Front retracted

Central

Back

According to the vertical position of the tongue the vowel [u:] is:

Back

Back-advanced

*Close

Open

According to the tenseness the vowel [a:] is

*Tensed

Laxed

Long

Short

What does phonology study?

The comparative features

*The linguistic function of consonant and vowel sounds

The articulation of sounds

The distinctive features

The words of the kind “can – man – ran” are …

A minimal pair

A word combination

*A minimal set

A minimal test

According to the degree of completeness the assimilation in the word “play” is:

Complete

*Incomplete

Progressive

Regressive

The alveolar [n] under the influence of the labio-dental [f] in the word “infant” becomes

*Labio-dental

labial

Dental

Alveolar

The alveolar [t] under the influence of the post-alveolar [r] in the word “trip” becomes

*Post alveolar

Alveolar

Dental

Interdental

Under the influence of the voiceless sound [s] the sonorant [m] in the word “small” becomes

Voiceless

Voiced

Devoiced

*Partially devoiced

What is allophone?

Minimal pairs

Oppositions

Different phonemes

*Variants of one and the same phoneme

When is read the last letter “r”? Find the example.

More coal

More yarn

*More oil

More water

What kind of reduction can you see in the word “she” in the unstressed position?

Qualitative

* Quantitative

Elision

No reduction

What is qualitative reduction?

Shortening of the vowel sound in the unstressed position

*Obstruction of a vowel towards [I, u] in the unstressed position

Disappearance of a vowel in unstressed position

Dropping of a vowel in the unstressed position

What kind of sound is [r]?

Apical

Dorsal

*Cacuminal

Back

What kind of sound is [s]

Labial

*Lingual

Glottal

Nasal

When palatalization is reached?

By raising the back part of the tongue

*By raising the blade (front part) of the tongue

By lowering the blade (front part) of the tongue

By lowering the back part of the tongue

What kind of sound is [d]:

Occlusive constrictive

Constrictive

*Occlusive

Rolled

Characterize the occlusive consonants

*Have a complete obstruction

Have an incomplete obstruction

Have a mixed obstruction

Have no obstruction

What are the sounds [b, d, g] according to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction?

*Occlusive consonants (plosives)

Constrictive consonants

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

-

What are the sounds [m, n] according to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction?

Constrictive consonants

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

*Occlusive consonants (plosives)

-

What are the sounds [f, v, s, z] according to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction?

*Constrictive consonants

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

Occlusive consonants (plosives)

-

What are the sounds[h, r, w] according to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction?

Occlusive consonants (plosives)

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

*Constrictive consonants

Bilabial consonants

What are the sounds [ p, t, k] according to the manner of n What are the sounds oise production and the type of obstruction?

*Occlusive consonants (plosives)

Constrictive consonants

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

Bilabial consonants

What are the sounds [b, d, g, p, t, k] according to the manner of noise production and the type of obstruction?

Occlusive-constrictive consonants

(affricates)

Constrictive consonants

*Occlusive consonants (plosives)

Bilabial consonants

What are the sounds [ p, b, m, v] according to the active organs of speech and according to the plays of obstruction?

*Bilabial consonants

Labio-dental consonants

Forelingual consonants

Dorsal

What are the sounds [t, d, s, z, n, l] according to the active organs of speech and according to the plays of obstruction?

Labio-dental consonants

Dorsal

Bilabial consonants

*Alveolar consonants

What are the sounds [f, v] according to the active organs of speech and according to the plays of obstruction?

Cacuminal

Bilabial consonants

*Labio-dental consonants

Dorsal

What are the sounds [b, d, g, v, w, r, l, j, z] according to the work (participation) of the vocal cords?

*Voiced

Voiceless

Nasal

Sonorants

What are the sounds [p, t, k, f, s, h] according to the work (participation) of the vocal cords?

Voiced

*Voiceless

Sonorants

Nasal

What are the sounds [b, d, g, p, t, k] according to the position of the soft palate?

*Oral

Nasal

Voiced

Sonorants

What are the sounds [f, v, s, z, h] according to the position of the soft palate?

*Oral

Nasal

Sonorants

Voiced

What are the sounds [m, n] according to the position of the soft palate?

Oral

*Nasal

Voiced

Sonorants

What are the sounds [b, d, g, p, t, k, f, v, s, z] according to the manner (degree) of noise production?

*Consonants

Sonorants

Oral

Nasal

What are the sounds [m, n, r, l, v, j] according to the manner (degree) of noise production?

Consonants

*Sonorants

Nasal

Oral

What is the sound [a:] according to the vertical movements of the tongue?

*Open vowel

Mid vowel

Close vowel

-

How do we call such physical property of a speech sounds as frequency?

Variation in the loudness of a sound

*A number of vibrations per second

The length or quantity of time during which the same vibratory motion are maintain

The amplitude of vibration

What does the vibrator mechanism consists of?

*The vocal cords

The lungs

The bronchi

The glottis

How English consonants are divided according to the degree of force of articulation?

Voiced, voiceless

*Strong, weak

Labial, lingual, glottal

Nasal, oral

і

What kind of obstruction have occlusive consonants?

*Have a complete obstruction

Have an incomplete obstruction

Have a mixed obstruction

Have not any obstruction

What kind of sound is the sound

/d/?

Occlusive-constrictive

Constrictive

*Occlusive

Rolled

How do you understand the term “assimilation”?

Changes in the word structure

*adaptive modifications of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant

Complete loss of sound

Interchanges of “vowel + consonant type”

How do you understand the term “adaptation”?

Adaptive modifications of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant

Changes in the word structure

*Interchanges of “vowel + consonant type”

Complete loss of sound

How do you understand the term “elision”?

Adaptive modifications of a consonant by a neighbouring consonant

Interchanges of “vowel + consonant type”

*Complete loss of sound

Changes in the word structure

When the the letter w is silent ?

whale, wrinkle, whole, sword, writing.

wreath, wrong, whom, two, everywhere.

*wrap, wreck, whoever, toward, knowledge.

answer, wrist, wail, following, swallow.

Find a group of words with a sound /j/ .

University, unknown, ambulance, beyond, dew.

*usually, confuse, excuse, argue, value.

student, jewellery, neutral, annual, huge.

Millionaire, opinion, onion, yolk, Jess.

Find the group of words with no sound for the letters h, and gh.

honour, John, through, height, rhythm.

Exhibition, fight, thought, neighbour, Hague.

Herbert, heir, ghost, silhouette, vehicle.

*shepherd, exhaust, herb, doughnut, although.

Find a group of words with silent consonant letters.

homemade, measles, phenomena, martial, autumn.

*column, foreign, knock, campaign, comb.

midnight, thumb, lamb, announce, mane.

knives, knit, apartment, inexpensive, know.

Find a group of words with a sound /N/ .

*tongue, youngish, mingle, anxious, length.

strongest, arrange, banged, singing, being.

daring, string, sinkers, winks, angel.

Ming, wing, link, finger, change, stronger.

Find a group of words with no sound for the letter l .

Should, would, complain, yield, controlling.

Talk, chalk, walk, always, puzzle.

Half, calf, metal, battles, haggler.

*salmon, calm, palm, chalk, yolk.

What is the assimilation in he words “pens, dogs” according to the direction?

*Progressive

Regressive

Double

Neutral

What kind of reduction is in the word parcel ?

qualitative reduction.

qualitative and complete reduction.

*complete reduction.

no reduction at all.

What kind of reduction is in the word conversation?

qualitative reduction.

*qualitative and complete reduction.

no reduction at all.

complete reduction.

What kind of assimilation is in the word stopped ?

regressive assimilation.

*progressive assimilation.

regressive and progressive assimilation.

qualitative reduction.

What kind of assimilation is in the word punking ?

progressive assimilation

*regressive assimilation.

regressive and progressive assimilation.

no assimilation.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. He asked her for change.

*There are three reduced words in this sentence.

There are four reduced words in this sentence.

There are two reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. He couldn’t get a fellowship for next year.

There are four reduced words in this sentence.

*There are three reduced words in this sentence.

There are two reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. Would you like a drink, or have you given up martinis?

There are nine reduced words in this sentence.

There are eight reduced words in this sentence.

There are seven reduced words in this sentence.

*There are six reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. You mean that you won’t accept her until she improves her grades?

*There are six reduced words in this sentence.

There are seven reduced words in this sentence.

There are eight reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. I always wanted to see the movie, and now I am going to.

There are two reduced words in this sentence.

*There are four reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

There are six reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. We won’t have a good time unless you come along too.

There are two reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

There are four reduced words in this sentence.

*There are three reduced words in this sentence.

How many reduced words are there in the sentence E.G. There is a map on the wall.

There are two reduced words in this sentence.

*There are three reduced words in this sentence.

There are four reduced words in this sentence.

There are five reduced words in this sentence.

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. mean – meant -meant

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. sit -sat

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

*distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. man-men

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. feast-festive

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g dig-dug-dug.

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. sing-sang-sung

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. hide-hid-hidden

distinction of causal verbal forms

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g give-gave-given

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. get-got-got

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. rise-rose-risen

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. fly-flew-flown

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. see-saw-seen

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. hear-heard-heard

*distinctions of irregular verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. rise-raise

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinction of causal verbal forms

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. fall-fell

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. foot-feet

distinction of causal verbal forms

*distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. tooth-teeth

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g.child-children

*distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. class-classify

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinction of causal verbal forms

distinctions of irregular verbal forms

*distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

What kind of alternations is in the following example? E.g. long-length

distinction of causal verbal forms

*distinction of parts of speech in etymologically correlated words

distinctions of singular and plural forms of nouns

distinctions of irregular verbal forms