Тема 1 Introduction

__ are words which are no longer used in everyday speech, which have been ousted by their synonyms.

antonyms;

euphemisms;

neologisms;

*archaisms;

What is the barbarisms?

*__are words or expressions borrowed without any changes.

__ are obsolete names for existing things, action, phenomena.

__with elevated, “lofty” colouring are traditionally used only poetry.

__ are words and word-groups that denote new concept.

What is the euphemisms?

*__ are words used to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words.

The synonyms that specialize in their meaning are __.

__ have exactly the same meaning and belong to the same style.

The synonyms specialized in their usage are __.

What is the hyperbole?

*__is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker uses exaggerations.

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time.

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of time;

__ is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker expresses affirmative with the negative or visa versa

What words are no longer used in everyday speech, which have been ousted by their synonyms?

antonyms;

euphemisms;

neologisms;

*аrchaisms;

What motivation is “A green beginner”?

* Semantic motivations

Morphological motivation

Phonetical motivation

Semantic group

What motivation is “The mouth of a river”?

Morphological motivation

Phonetical motivation

Semantic group

*Semantic motivations

Vulgar words are subdivided into…

Lexical vulgarisms and semantic vulgarism

*Lexical vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarisms

Semantic vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarism

Morphological motivation

__ are borrowings are not felt as foreign words in language.

Partly assimilated;

*Completely assimilateds;

Non-assimilated;

__ are borrowings of affixes.

semantic borrowings;

translation loans;

phonetic borrowings;

*Morphemic borrowings;

__ are new words or expressions, or words used with a new meaning.

Antonyms;

Synonyms;

*neologisms;

Archaisms;

__ are obsolete names for existing things, action, phenomena.

*archaisms

barbarism

poetic word

neologism

__ are word-for-word (or morpheme-for-morpheme) translations of some foreign words or expressions.

Semantic borrowing;

*Translation loans;

Phonetic borrowing.

Morphemic borrowing;

__ are words and word-groups that denote new concepts

archaism

barbarism

Poetic word

*neologisms

__ are words belonging to the same part of speech, dentical in style, expressing contrary or contradictory notions.

Homonyms;

Synonyms;

Euphemisms;

*antonyms;

__ are words different in meaning but identical in sound or spelling, or both in sound and spelling.

*Homonyms;

Synonym;

Euphemism;

Antonym;

__ are words different in their outer aspects, but identical or similar in their inner aspects.

Homonym;

*Synonyms;

Euphemism;

antonym;

__ are words identical in sound and spelling.

Homograph;

Synonym;

*Perfect homonyms;

Homophone;

__ are words used to substitute some unpleasant or offensive words.

Homonym;

Synonym;

*Euphemisms;

Antonym;

__ are words with the same spelling but pronounced differently.

*Homographs;

synonym;

perfect homonym;

Homophone;

__ binary word-groups in which one of the components is literal, while the other is phraseologically bound.

*Half-unities

fusion

unitie

Half-fusion

__dictionaries describe different objects, phenomena, people and give some data about them.

*Encyclopedics;

Linguistic;

General;

Explanatory;

__ dictionaries describe vocabulary units, their semantic structure, their origin, their usage.

encyclopedic;

*linguistis;

General;

Specialized;

__ dictionaries include dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, collocations, word-frequency, neologisms, slang, pronouncing etymological.

Encyclopedic;

Linguistic;

General;

*specialized;

__ have exactly the same meaning and belong to the same style.

*Absolute synonyms;

Semantic synonym;

Stylistic synonym;

Phraseological synonym;

__ in which letters get their full alphabetic pronunciation and full stress.

*Alphabetic abbreviations

Compound abbreviation

Graphic abbreviation

Latin abbreviation

__ is a gradual process of semantic change when a word passes from a general sphere to some special sphere of communication.

*Specializations;

Generalization;

Metonymy;

Metaphor;

__ is a gradual process of semantic change when the meaning of a word becomes more general in the course of time.

Specialization;

*Generalizations;

Metonymy;

Metaphor;

__ is a morphological way of forming words when one part of speech is formed from another part of speech.

Prefixation;

Suffixation;

Composition;

*Conversions;

__ is a transfer of the meaning of a word on the basis of comparison.

Specialization;

Generalization;

Metonymy;

*Metaphors;

__ is a transfer of the meaning on the basis of contiguity.

Specialization;

Generalization;

*metonymy;

Metaphor;

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes worse in the course of time;

Litote;

*Degradations;

Hyperbole;

Elevation;

__ is a transfer of the meaning when it becomes better in the course of time.

Litote;

Degradation;

Hyperbole;

*Elevations;

__ is a transfer of the meaning when the speaker expresses affirmative with the negative or visa versa.

*Litotes;

Degradation;

Hyperbole;

Elevation;

__ is observed in words whose sound-clusters imitate the sounds they signify.

*Phonetical motivations

Morphological motivation

Lexical meaning

Semantic motivation

__ is shortening of words and word-groups.

Composition;

Conversion;

*Abbreviations;

Affixation;

__ is the formation of words by means of adding a prefix to the stem.

*Prefixations;

Suffixation;

Composition;

Conversion.

__ is the part of linguistic which deals with the vocabulary and characteristic features of words and word-groups.

Phonetic;

Grammar;

*lexicologys;

Stylistic;

__ is the relationship between the direct and the transferred meaning of the word.

Phonetical motivation

Morphological motivation

Lexical meaning

*Semantic motivations

__ is the way of word building when a word is formed by joining two or more stems to form one word.

Prefixation;

Suffixation;

*Compositions;

Conversion;

__ Lexicology studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development.

Historical;

*Descriptives;

Grammatical;

Phonetic;

__ metaphorically motivated idioms.

Half-unitie

fusion

*unities

Half-fusion

__ reflects the concept expressed by the given word.

Phonetical motivation

Morphological motivation

*Lexical meanings

Semantic motivation

__ stable word-groups in which the leading component is literal, while the rest of the group is idiomatically fused.

Half-unitie

fusion

unitie

*Half-fusions

__ which are identical in sound but different in spelling.

homograph

*homophones

homoform

homonym

__ which are identical in spelling but different in sound.

*homographs

homophone

homoform

homonym

__ which are identical only in some of their paradigm constituents.

Grammatical homonyms

*homoforms

Etymological homonyms

Lexical homonyms

__ which belongs to the same part of speech.

Grammatical homonym

homoform

Etymological homonym

*Lexical homonyms

__ which sometimes are not read as Latin words but as separate letters.

Alphabetic abbreviation

Compound abbreviation

Graphic abbreviation

*Latin abbreviations

___ in which the first is a letter and the second a complete word.

Alphabetic abbreviation

*Compound abbreviations

Graphic abbreviation

Latin abbreviation

___belong to different parts of speech.

Bound morpheme

Semi-bound morpheme

*Homonymic morphemes

Synonym

___can function both as affixes and as free morphemes.

Bound morpheme

*Semi-bound morphemes

Homonymic morpheme

Synonym

___occur only as constituent parts of words.

*Bound morphemes

Semi-bound morpheme

Homonymic morpheme

Synonym

__are words of different origin.

Grammatical homonym

homoform

*Etymological homonyms

Lexical homonym

__are words or expressions borrowed without any changes.

archaism

*barbarism

poetic word

neologism

__are words pronounced dentically but spelled differently.

Homograph;

synonym;

Perfect homonym;

*homophones;