4.Linguistic substratum,superstratum,adstratum.

August Schleicher formed t theory that a lang is an organism,whith periods of development,maturity &decline.He represented langs as perfectly natural organisms that can be described with t help of terms from biology(genus,species,etc)He invented a system of lang classification,arranging groups of related langs in a genealogical tree.It’s called family-tree theory.

Substratum means the traces of t former lang of an ethnic group influencing the present lang of this group and the former lang itself.It influences mainly phonetics&partially vocabul&grammar.

Ex:Celtic lang for t Engl lang.

Superstratum means the traces of t influence of a lang which used to be t lang of conquerors,rulers& culture and t lang having such influence itself. Traces demonstrate themselves in vocab&syntax.

(ex: French&Latin for Engl)

Adstratum is a sort of bilinguism due to long coexistence of 2 langs in t same territory. Influences t structure of langs.(ex:Irish&English)

2.Modern Germanic Langs&tasks of Germanic Philology.

Linguistics reconstructed a family tree for the Germanic langs. It has 2 main groups: Eastern(represented only by Gothic texts),Northern(t Scandinavian langs),Western (2 groups:German&Anglo-Frisian).

Distribution of GL. West Germanic

English-443mln speakers(GB,Ireland,t US,Canada, New Zealand,Australia,etc)

German-118mln(Germany,Ausrtia,Switzerland)

Dutch-21mln(Netherlands&Belgium)

Africaans-10mln(South Africa)

Yiddish-5mln(the US,East&South Europe)

Frisian-1/2mln(Holland)

North Germanic

Swedish-9mln speakers(Sweden,Finland)

Danish-8mln(Denmark)

Norwegian-5mln(Norway)

Icelandic-251000(Icelandic)

Faeroese-47,000(Faeroes Islands)

East Germanic

Gothic,Vandalic,Burgundian,Rugian,Heruler

6.Theories of the Germanic langs origin

PIE as the origin for Germanic langs isn’t certain from t point of view of geographical territory where it was located. There are a few theories as for PIE lang origin:

1.PIE must have been spoken by t relatively small group of people which lived ab 6000 years ago in t Eastern Europe probably in t South Russia or t steps of Ukraine. This group of people has a common name Kurgan and is considered to be t parent of PIE.

2.The second theory is called Scandinavian. According to this theory only the people which lived on t territories of contemporary Germany are t original PIEns.

3.According to other theories PIE parent lang found its homeland on t territories of contemporary Turkey, or India, or Hungary.

10. Ancient Germans. Anglo-Saxon invasion.

The earliest mention of the British Isles is in t 4th century BC by Pytheas. At that time Britain was inhabited by Celtic tribes. In the 5th cent AD Britain was conquered by 3 Germanic tribes ,the Angles,

the Saxons, the Jutes. These tribes were included into the group of the Ingaevones according to the classification of Pliny the Elder. The Britons fought against the conquerors for ab a century and a half. They were lead by a mysterious king Arthur. The conquerors settled in Britain, t Angles occupied north of the Thames,t Saxons south to the Thames,t Jutes in Kent&in the Isle of Wight.

5.External&internal causes of changes in t langs.

Extralinguistic factors which influence t lang development are those coming from outside t lang itself.T example of extraling factors is t following: economic development,which brings new terminology to t vocabulary or military extension.

Intralinguistic factors are those which happen inside t lang.They have nothing in common with t society,cos they exist only inside t lang as a system

T example of intr.ling.factors could be t following:

Changes of gram.system or phonetic structure of t word.The main example is t change from synthetic to analytical structure.

8.Pliny’s classification of Germanic tribes.

Pliny the Elder wasn’t a scientist,but a traveller,but after his acquaintance with Germanic tribes he left a basic classification of them.He classified them according to t geographical areas which they inhabited.

1.The Vindili(including the Goths&the Burgundians)were the tribes who lived in the eastern part. 2.The Ingaevones-t north-western part(t Saxons). 3.T Iscaevones-t western part on t Rhine(t Franks). 4.T Hermiones-t southern part. 5.T Peucini&Bastarne who lived near ncides Rumania. 6.T Hilleviones in Scandinavia—northern part of the territory.

This classific coincides with t modern point of view and is correlated with modern Germanic langs. The physical features of each tribe were very similar to each other. Tacitus described them as people with blond hair,blue eyes and big frames. Other sources tell of reddish-blond-haired figures that were well built and long skulled. Their facial features are preserved on Roman monuments.