31.The pronoun in oGls n in mE

Most pronouns are declined by number,case,gender. In plural form most pronouns have only one form for all genders.Germanic pronouns preserve the dual form (For talking about groups of 2 things: we two, you two…)There were such classes of Pronouns as personal ,interrogative , indicative ,reflexive.They had the same categories as Nouns.

Many pronouns og the Gls have equivalents in contemporary English lang. F ex. In the genitive case eower became “your”, ure became “our”, min became “mine”.

In modern English The Pronoun fall under the following groups:personal(I,he.she)

Possessive(Him,her,my mine)

Reflexive(Himself,herself,myself)

Reciproca(each other,one another)

Demonstrative(that,these,such.the same)

Interrogative(who,whose,which)

Conjunctive(who,what)

Relative(who,whose,that,as)

Defining(each,every,everybody,all,either,both,other)

Indefinite(some,any,one)

Negative(no,none,neither,no one,nothing).

25. The structure of a substantive in the Gl

The morphological structure and system of substantives in G l as well as in other IE l is based on the common principals. The OG substantive consists of the 3 elements: the root, a stem-building suffix and a case inflexion. The root was bearing the lexical meaning of the word. The case-inflexion expressed the categories of number and case. The meaning of stem-building suffix possessed no lexical meaning at all! The only type of a substantive in all IE l and in G ones which has kept a certain semantics or lexical meaning, is the substantive denoting kinship. Fadar-brotar-a stem-build. suffix ar denotes relationship in a family.

№27The substantive. The category of case

Unlike mE, OG l had morphological diversity. They had the category of case. There were the Nominative, the Genitive, the Dative, the Accusative, the Instrumental. The ending of the noun changed to reflect its function in the sentence. The N case indicated the subject of the sentence. «Cyning» means «king». The G c indicated possession – «the cyninges scip» is «the king’s ship». The D c indicated the indirect object of the sentence – «the hryngas cyninge» means «rings for the king». The A c ind. the direct object of the sentence – «AEbelbald lufore cyning» - «AEbelbald(subject) loved the king(object)». The I c indicates the agency whereby smth was done. «Lifde sweorde» – «he lived by the sword». «Sweorde» is the Instrumental form of «sweord».

№28 The substantive. The category of number

Now and in OG l there are singular and plural forms of the noun. The difference is only in letters. Singular – «hryng»-one ring. Pl – «hryngas»-many rings

№29 The substantive. The category of gender

Nouns are categorized by grammatical gender – masculine, feminine and neuter. The same system is in MnE too! But in OG m and n words generally shared their endings and f words had their own subset of endings. In MnE all genders have different endings!