30. The adjective in oGls n in mE

Old Germanic adjectives originated from Nouns and were declined like nouns.They fall under the same categories (strong, weak, masculine ,feminine ,neuter,singular ,plural).have the same number of cases(nominative,genitive,dative, accusative, instrumental). Degrees of comparison were formed by means of suffixes –iz,-oz;-ista,-osta. F ex. long-lengra-longest.the comperative were declined as strong adject.the superlative- rarely took the forms of strong declenations and follow the weak declension

In modern English degrees of comparison formed by: the inflexion –er/-est,or by placing more and most before the adjective.There are also such irregular verbs which have their own degrees of comparison: bad-worse-worst….

There is a classification of adj.they fall under 2 classes:Qualitive(size,shape,colour…)large,soft,hard…And relative(relation to material:silken,woolen,Italian,monthly,weekly).relative have no degree of comparison.There in modern English are substantivized adjectives(wholly subst. and partially).Wholly-a Russian Russians.

Partially-the English, the French…

34.OG verb.The category of tense

There were only two tenses in Old Germanic (Present and Past).

In modern English there are present,future past,.There are 4 groups of each tense:

Indefinite,continuous, perfect,perfect continuous.there are 16 tenses in English.

32. The numerals n the adverbs in OGls n in mE

Numerals were also a part of nominal group.They were divided into such types as cardinal and ordinal.Some numerals had the forms of cases(Nominative,Genitive,Dative).

Ordinary numerals were derived from cardinals with the help of suffixes –tjo-to

Thenumeral 1-st derived from preposition fore…got the form fyrst.second-from the word-ander.

In modern english there are such two types of numerals as in old Germanic: cardinal and ordinal.7.58 is an ordinal numeral and read in the following way: seven point five eight.

The advebs.There were the following structural types of them.

1)simple,or primary usually monosyllabic:inn,up.

2) advebs with suffixes:-e-her(here)

3)adverbs derived from a case noun form, usually genitive or dative. OE anes-once

In mE the adverbs have such structure(devided into):

1)simple(long,then,there)

2)derivative(slowly.likewise)

3)compound(anyhow,nowhere)

4)composite(at once, at last)

Some adverbs have degrees of comparison.

According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:Of time(today,soon);Of frequency(often,seldom),Ofdirection(inside,outside),Of consequence(therefore.accordingly),Of manner(hard,kindly),Degree,quantity n manner(quiet,rather).

35. OG verb. The category of voice

There were 2 voices as in old Germanic (in Gothic medio-passive) and in modern English(Active and Passive).In English the use of tenses is the same like in the active as in the passive.Passive voice is formed by the verb TO BE in the required form and participle II of the notional verb .Passive is the deed which was done on the object.Example:Pravda is published in Moscow.

№15Practice.Part 1.page 19

“wall” from Latin vallum ‘rampart’

“camp” early 16th cent.: from French camp, champ, from Italian campo, from Latin campus ‘level ground’

“street” Old English stræt, of West Germanic origin, from late Latin strata

№11. Ancient Germans.Roman invasion