Text 2a. Turbocharging, Dl, and More Boost 2011-12 Vehicle Applications for gm's do-it-all global four-cylinder

by Lindsay Brooke

Read and translate the text paying attention to the new word combinations.

1. In 2015 more than 33% of GM's North American engine volume will be four-cylin­der engines. Approximately 21% will be turbocharged. Engineers have their eyes on U.S. EPA fuel economy regulations for 2016 and beyond, as well as Euro 6, which put signifi­cant focus on developing the automakers global inline-four-cylinder range. Three families, known internally as Family Zero, Family II, and Family III, car­ry the Ecotec brand.

2. In recent years, GM has steadily evolved the DOHC Ecotec fours, adding turbo-chargers, direct injection, continuously variable valve timing control, twin-port heads¹, CNG² and E85 fuel capability. The Chevrolet Volt's series-hybrid generator and ongoing development of an HCCI (ho­mogeneous-charge compression-ignition) variant, with two-step valve lift and infi­nitely variable cam phasing, show there is plenty of head room left to explore.

Figure 3.

3. The non-turbo Family II engine is rated at 182 hp (136 kW) and 172 lb-ft (233 N-m) at 4900 rpm. It's tuned for smooth, low-rpm torque delivery in the 4026-lb (1826-kg) sedan. GM "recommends" premium-octane fuel for its turbocharged Ecotec fours but does not require it. The 2.0-L is mated with an Aisin AF40 six-speed automatic. A higher performance version of the 2.0 L, also with dual VVT and using higher boost pressure and a freer flowing exhaust system is in validation testing.

4. Their "Gen II" aluminum cylinder block features stronger bulkheads and high-capacity coolant passages. Bore and stroke are "square" at 86 mm. The crankshaft and connecting rods are forged steel, and the piston crown undersides are cooled by oil jets. The sodium-cooled exhaust valves are in an Inconel alloy. Maximum boost from the twin-scroll turbocharger is expected to be 20 psi (1.4 bar). The DI fuel system uses a camshaft-driven pump to pressurize fuel at up to 2250 psi (155 bar) at wide-open throttle³ (Supplement text 1, p. )

5. The engine's design and calibration are biased toward maximum torque rather than peak power. It delivers 138 hp (103 kW) and 148 lb-ft (200 N-m) between 1850 and 4900 rpm. Un­like the 2.0-L Family II turbo engines, the Family Zero 1.4 L does not employ direct injection. Compression ratio is 9.5:1. The 1.4 L turbo for North American use is calibrated for 87 octane gasoline.

6. Also different is the cylinder block, a grey-iron casting rather than aluminum. The block does not incorporate balance shafts due to the smaller displacement; its grey-iron bedplate helps minimize the effects of vibration in conjunction with a cast-aluminum oil pan. Unique to the engine is a variable-dis­placement oil pump that helps optimize fuel efficiency by reducing mechanical energy. The crank-driven pump matches the oil sup­ply to engine load. Unlike the linear opera­tion of a conventional fixed-flow pump, the volume of oil being pumped varies with rpm.

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 Exercise.2 Study the classification of the materials used in car design (a) and give reasons why the engine details mentioned below are made of the following materials (b):

a).

Engineering materials

metals

non-metals

ferrous metals non-ferrous metals plastics ceramics Iron	aluminum
Steel	copper
cast-iron	bronze
	tin
	chrome

b). Model: As far as I remember, the exhaust valves are made of Inconel alloy,

Engine details		Materials	Reasons
1.cylinder block	is/are made of	a. aluminum alloy	since
2.cylinder heads	should be made of	b. Inconel alloy	as
3.crankshaft	should be cast of	c. forged steel	because
4.connecting rods		d. grey iron
5.exhaust valves

As far as I know/ As far as I remember / I consider / I believe / I suppose

1	2	3	4	5

c). Prove that it is beneficial because /as…

1	aluminum alloy	a.	it has a high thermal conductivity .
2	Inconel alloy	b.	it has high resistance to corrosion
3	forged steel	c.	it reduces the weight of the engine.
4	grey iron	d.	it is rough, less prone to deformation and shattering under stress
		e.	it resists cracking, flaking, oxidization, can withstand extreme conditions and is considered a superalloy.

1	2	3	4

Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the Complex Subject :

1.Maximum boost from the twin-scroll turbocharger is expected to be 20 psi (1.4 bar)

2. This product is certain to have a significant effect on the marketplace, as OEMs struggle to catch up with the nine- speeds now available to ZF's customers.

3. Twin port is better for power (less restriction to the incoming air / fuel mixture), but single port is widely believed to be more reliable (twin port heads are more vulnerable to cracking).

4. Car structures are still made of steel and other metals, and are likely to stay so for the foreseeable future.

Exercise 4.Complete the following sentences using the words in the box

compression/ b. torque/ c. twin-port heads/ d. direct injection / e. fuel economy regulations / f. compression ratio g. wide open throttle (WOT)

1. This week, the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) finalized automotive greenhouse-gas and __________ for the 2017 to 2025 model years.

2. The ____________ of an engine can be defined as the ratio of its cylinder volume when compared to the combustion chamber volume.

3. The higher its octane number, the more___________ the fuel can withstand before detonating.

4.  Most major car manufacturers make or plan to make gasoline cars with_____________ engines, such as GM’s Ecotec engine.

5._____________ refers to an internal combustion engine's maximum intake of air and fuel that occurs when the throttle plates inside the carburetor are "wide open", providing resistance to the incoming air.

6. __________ are believed to be more vulnerable to cracking.

7. __________ is defined as themoment or tendency of a force to rotate.

1	2	3	4	5	6	7

Exercise 5.Answer the following questions. Find the answers in the right column.

1	When will the GM engines become four cylinder?	A	they become stiff.
2	What are the requirements of fuel economy regulations for automakers?	B	stronger bulkheads and high-capacity coolant passages
3	What innovations have been introduced by GM in recent years?	C	premium -octane fuel.
4	What fuel is recommended for the non-turbo Family II engine by GM?	D	to pressurize fuel at up to 2250 psi (155 bar).
5	What are the features of “Gen II" aluminum cylinder block ?	E	a value used to indicate the resistance of a motor fuel to knock.
6	What is a camshaft-driven pump used for?	F	in a few years.
7	What is the octane number?	g	turbo-chargers, direct injection, twin-port heads.
8	What makes four cylinder engine global?	h	optimizes fuel efficiency by mechanical energy reduction .
9	What is the variable-dis­placement oil pump contribution to the engine performance?	i	fuel economy regulations

1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9

Exercise 6. Topics for reports:

1. Innovations introduced by GM

2. Trends in fuel developments and use

3. Application of materials in automotive engines

4. Ways to reduce fuel consumption.

Text 2B. Volvo Trucks Looks to Methane-Diesel for the Long Haul.

by Ryan Gehm

Read the text and to answer the following questions:

1. What is the new FM Methane Diesel model provided with?

2. What needs can the liquefied gas meet?

3. What did the Volvo Trucks' field tests demonstrate?

4. What advantages are offered by a new technology in comparison with conventional gas-powered spark­plug engines?

5. Why was it decided to use natural gas in engine?

1.The new FM MethaneDiesel model is powered by a 13-L engine producing 460 hp (343 kW) and 2300 N-m (1700 Ib-ft) of torque. The technology is based on a conventional diesel engine equipped with gas injectors, a "Thermos-like" fuel tank that keeps the gas liquefied and chilled to -140°C (-220°F), and a specially modified catalytic converter. Using liquefied gas allows more fuel to be stored in the tanks than if the fuel is compressed, providing greater range than that of traditional gas-powered trucks that utilize spark-plug technology. In a truck with a gross weight of 40 t (44 ton), the fuel tank holds enough gas for a range of up to 500 km (310 mi) in normal driving.

2. Liquefied gas is the alternative fuel of choice for a new regional distribution truck from Volvo Trucks that can also fulfill long-haul requirements. The Volvo FM MethaneDiesel, which will launch ini­tially in select European countries where sufficient infrastructure exists, can run on a fuel combination of up to 75% natural gas or biogas—both of which consist of methane—and the rest diesel. The pro­portions can vary depending on how the vehicle is used. By using liquefied gas in an efficient diesel engine it is possible to use gas-powered trucks in heavier and longer-distance transport operations.

3. Volvo Trucks' field tests show that the methane-diesel engine offers the same operating reliability as the conventional diesel, and with "similar" drive ability. When the gas tank runs dry, the system automatically switches over to diesel. The driver is alerted via a control lamp that comes on in the instru­ment panel. This technology with natural gas gener­ates 10% lower CO₂ emissions than a diesel engine does, according to Volvo Trucks. The company claims that, compared with conventional gas-powered spark­plug engines, its gas technology offers 30 to 40% higher efficiency, which in turn cuts fuel consumption by 25%. Interest in natural gas is being largely driven by environmental considerations as well as by concerns over the secure supply of energy. The Volvo FM MethaneDiesel will be sold initially in the Netherlands, the U.K., and Sweden.

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Text 2C. Read the following information without a dictionary and make its rendering in English