Caution

JAMES J. BULGER IS BEING SOUGHT FOR HIS ROLE IN NUMEROUS MURDERS COMMITTED FROM THE EARLY 1970s THROUGH THE MID-1980s IN CONNECTION WITH HIS LEADERSHIP OF AN ORGANIZED CRIME GROUP THAT ALLEGEDLY CONTROLLED EXTORTION, DRUG DEALS, AND OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES IN THE BOSTON, MASSACHUSETTS, AREA. HE HAS A VIOLENT TEMPER AND IS KNOWN TO CARRY A KNIFE AT ALL TIMES.

Considered armed and extremely dangerous

If you have any information concerning this person, please contact your local fbi office or the nearest u.S. Embassy or consulate.

REWARD

The FBI is offering a $2,000,000 reward for information leading directly to the arrest of James J. Bulger.

( с)

A NDREW JOSHUA TAFOYA

Aliases:

Andrew Tafoya, Joshua Andrew Tafoya

Description

Date of Birth Used:	March 13, 1987	Hair:	Black
Place of Birth:	California	Eyes:	Brown
Height:	6"0"	Sex:	Male
Weight:	190 pounds	Race:	White (Hispanic)
		Nationality:	American
Occupation:	Tafoya may seek employment as an automobile salesman.
Scars and Marks:	Tafoya has scars on his right arm, left leg, left shoulder, and chest.
Remarks:	Tafoya is believed to be in Mexico. He enjoys playing football.

Caution

Andrew Joshua Tafoya is wanted for allegedly taking a minor female, with whom he had an illegal relationship, across state lines in a stolen vehicle. It is believed that Tafoya took 15-year-old Chioma Gray from her high school in Ventura, California, and across the border into Mexico on December 13, 2007. The two may be travelling in a stolen, white 2008 Acura TSX with California license plate 6AXX928.

An arrest warrant was issued for Tafoya by the Ventura County Superior Court on December 14, 2007, after he was charged with child stealing, contributing to the delinquency of a minor, and car theft. On December 31, 2007, Tafoya was charged with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution and a federal arrest warrant was issued by the United States District Court in Los Angeles.

If you have any information concerning this person, please contact your local fbi office or the nearest american embassy or consulate.

ROBERT S. MUELLER, III DIRECTOR FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE WASHINGTON, D.C. 20535 TELEPHONE: (202) 324—3000

Task 18. (a) Describe the criminals and suspects in the pictures, making use of the words and word combinations given below,

e.g.: «The suspect is described as a white male, in his late forties, of medium height, medium built, moustache, brown eyes, prominent nose, wide mouth, straight crew-cut hair, … »

Height:	short, tall, of medium height
Build:	of medium build, well-built, average, skinny, plump, fat, broad-shouldered
Age:	middle-aged, in his early/mid-/late twenties, in his mid-forties
Complexion:	light, fair, pale, dark, sallow, sunburnt
Face:	oval, plump, thin, round, square, long, fleshy, puffy, clean-shaven, wrinkled, pimpled, pasty, pock-marked
Features:	delicate, clean-cut, regular/irregular, stern, forceful, vague, coarse, ugly, plain, ordinary, full face, profile
Forehead:	high, low, narrow, square, broad, domed
Hair:	straight, curly, wavy, shoulder-length, medium-length, short-cut, crew-cut, bobbed, dyed, receding, scanty, bald, light/dark brown, fair-haired, dark-haired, rumpled, tangled, thin, thick, braided, fringe/bang/forelock, afro, parting, loose, ponytail, plaits, bunches, swept-back hair, false, wig, flaxen, auburn, chestnut, grey, jet-black
Teeth:	even / uneven, artificial, sparse
Eyes:	close-set, deep-set, wide-apart, crossed-eyed, bulging, hollowed
Eyebrows:	thick, bushy, arched, thin, pencilled, shaggy
Nose:	straight, prominent, pointed, hooked, flat, snub-nosed, aquiline, fleshy
Ears:	jug-eared, lop-eared, earlobe
Lips:	thin, full, thin upper lip with a full lower lip, lips with down-turning corners, cleft lip, compressed, twisted
Cheeks:	plump, hollow, stubby, ruddy
Chin:	double, square, pointed, protruding, massive, firm
Beard:	bushy, grey-bearded, heavy-bearded, spade beard
Moustache:	thick, thin, tooth brush, walrus
Distinguishing features:	scars, freckles, humpback, wooden leg, pot-belly, birth marks, glasses, friendly smile, wrinkles, shrunk face, dimple, pimple

(b) Describe your fellow students, making use of the words and word combinations in the table.

Task 19. Translate the following text into English:

(a) НЕУСТАНОВЛЕННАЯ МОШЕННИЦА

Неустановленная женщина знакомилась с потерпевшими на улице, под различными предлогами заходила к ним домой и убеждала дать ей в долг крупные суммы денег. При этом преступница называлась дальней родственницей обманутых людей, сообщала о том, что у нее проблемы с грузом на таможне и нужны деньги для оплаты пошлины. Еще в одном случае она сослалась на племянницу, у которой появились большие финансовые проблемы. Как ни странно, люди верили ей и давали крупные суммы. Лишь после нескольких часов безрезультатного ожидания возврата долга они обращались в милицию. Таким образом, мошенница на улице Большевиков обманула 84-летнюю пенсионерку и завладела 60 тыс. рублями. Через полчаса в переулке Механизаторов у калужанки были похищены 756 долларов США и 60 тыс. рублей. Третьей жертвой стал 90-летний пенсионер с улицы Московской, лишившийся 10 тыс. рублей. Со слов очевидцев милиционерам удалось составить фоторобот мошенницы. На вид ей около 20 лет, рост 170 сантиметров, плотное телосложение, волосы черные. Одета в темное осеннее пальто со светлой меховой отделкой на рукавах, черные короткие сапоги. Просим граждан, которые располагают информацией о ее местонахождении, позвонить по телефонам 742—780 или 02.

(b) ПОДОЗРЕВАЕМЫЕ В ПРЕСТУПЛЕНИЯХ

Просим граждан, имеющих любую информацию о разыскиваемых, сообщить об этом по телефону 02. Конфиденциальность гарантируется.

Управлением уголовного розыска МВД по Республике Карелия за совершение мошеннических действий в отношении пенсионеров в г. Кондопога разыскивается женщина на вид 25—30 лет, среднего телосложения, рост около 165—170 см. славянский тип лица, волосы светло-русые, стрижка «каре». Просим граждан, имеющих любую информацию о разыскиваемой, сообщить об этом по телефону: 02. Конфиденциальность гарантируется.

(c) РАЗЫСКИВАЕТСЯ

Разыскивается гражданин 1980 года рождения, по национальности цыган. Приметы: на вид 29 лет, рост 173—178 см, плотного телосложения, лицо овальное, лоб прямой, брови черные, дугообразные, глаза карие, волосы черные, нос прямой, губы тонкие, подбородок выступающий, уши овальные, голос грубый. Был одет: черная кожаная куртка, светлая рубашка, темные брюки, черные ботинки.

(d) ПОМОЩЬ СЛЕДСТВИЮ

Устанавливается личность трупа мужчины. Приметы: на вид 40—60 лет, длина трупа 165 см, уши оттопыренные, волосы темные с сединой, на макушке залысина, окружность головы 56 см, размер стопы 42, зубы больше половины отсутствуют. На трупе: шапка спортивная черного цвета, куртка черного цвета, синтетическая, на молнии, короткая, свитер вязанный белого цвета на груди квадраты зеленого цвета, майка красного цвета, спортивные штаны темно-синего цвета, носки х/б темно-синего цвета, рядом с трупом майка светлого цвета. Обувь отсутствует. Других предметов не обнаружено. Всех, кто располагает информацией о личности этого человека, просим позвонить по телефону 02.

AUSTRALIA FUNNY LAWS Minors may smoke but not buy cigars. It is illegal to walk the streets wearing black clothes, felt shoes and black shoe polish on your face. It is against the law to walk on the right hand side of a footpath. A modem cannot pick up on the first ring. Taxi cabs are required to carry a bale of hay in the trunk. Only licensed electricians may change a light bulb. It is illegal to wear hot pink pants after midday Sunday. You must have a neck to knee swimsuit in order to swim at Brighton Beach. Its an offence to drive a dog or goat harnessed or attached to a vehicle in a public place. (Summary Offences Act 1966) You may not trade with Pirates. (Crimes Act 1958) You may not fly kites or play games in public that annoy other people. (Summary Offences Act 1966) If you are to advertise a reward for the finding of a certain lost object, you must state no questions will be asked. (Crimes Act 1958)

D ebate: OLYMPIC GAMES AND TERRORISM

Study the information below and give your opinion on the problem.

An Outline of Olympic Games History

It is a Sports festival. In ancient Greece it was a Panhellenic festival held every fourth year and made up of contests of sports, music, and literature. Since 1896 the name has been used for a modified revival of the ancient Games, consisting of international athletic contests held at four-year intervals. ... After the subjugation of Greece by Rome, the Games declined; they were finally abolished about 400. They were revived in the late 19th century through efforts led in part by Pierre, baron de Coubertin. The first modern Games were held in Athens. The first Winter Games were held in 1924. The direction of the modern Olympic movement and the regulation of the Games are vested in the International Olympic Committee, headquartered at Lausanne, Switzerland.

Outside Interference

The Olympics are supposed to be nonpolitical but have been marked (and marred) by politics. Although officially only individuals win Olympic medals, nations routinely assign political significance to the feats of their citizens and teams. Between 1952 and 1988 rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union, rooted in mutual political antagonism, resulted in each boycotting games hosted by the other (Moscow, 1980; Los Angeles, 1984). Athletes from more than 50 countries didn't participate.

In 1936, Adolf Hitler, who called blacks an inferior race, opened the Olympics in Berlin, Germany, as a propaganda show. It was thus a great triumph for humanity when Jesse Owens, a black man from Ohio State University, won four gold (first place) medals. Hitler ducked out of the stadium so he wouldn't have to congratulate Owens.

In 1972, the Games in Munich, Germany, were struck with horror when 11 Israeli athletes were kidnapped and murdered by Palestinian terrorists.

The International Olympic Committee (IOC), which sets and enforces Olympic policy, has struggled with the licensing and commercialization of the games, the need to schedule events to accommodate American television networks (whose broadcasting fees help underwrite the games), and the monitoring of athletes who seek illegal competitive advantages, often through the use of performance-enhancing drugs. The IOC itself has also been the subject of controversy.

Olympic Games and Terrorism

At least five European countries' Olympic committees received letters in Russian making a "terrorist threat" before the Olympic Games (7-23 February 2014, Sochi, Russia), but Olympic chiefs said they posed no danger. Despite the assurances, the letters to committees in Italy, Hungary, Germany, Slovenia and Slovakia briefly caused alarm and underlined nervousness over security at the event.

Amid heightened concern about the possibility of terrorists targeting the Sochi Winter Olympics, the city was protected by an unprecedented "ring of steel" by Russian police, the army and security forces. In an interview with foreign TV networks before the Olympics, President Vladimir Putin said the security would be extensive but low visible: "Security is to be ensured by some 40,000 law enforcement and special services officers … We will protect our air and sea space, as well as the mountain cluster. I hope things will be organised in such a way that they don't catch the eye and, as I have already said, will not, so to say, depress the participants in the Olympic Games."

Sources: Columbia Encyclopedia, Concise Britannia Encyclopedia, Guardian

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

• What has terrorism to do with the Olympic Games?

• What kind of games are considered to be Olympic?

• What country is the original home of the Olympic Games?

• When did politicizing of the Olympic Games begin?

• What was peculiar about the Olympic Games in Germany in 1936?

• What facts of terrorism during the Olympic Games do you know?

• What kind of danger did the the Sochi Winter Olympics, 2014, face?

• What made a number of participant countries worry before the Sochi Winter Olympics, 2014?

• What steps are terrorists taking to intimidate the sportsmen and the public?

• What was Russia's response to the international concern?

• What kind of security to protect the sportsmen and the audience was provided by the host country in 2014?

U nit 3

HUMAN RIGHTS

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
human rights	права человека
to require limitations	ввести ограничения, требовать ограничений
to maximize an individual's liberty	максимально расширить/увеличить свободы личности
to minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom	довести до минимума ограничения свободы личности
an act or omission	действие или бездействие
breach of a duty	невыполнение обязательства, нарушение закона
to enshrine individual freedoms	обеспечивать свободы личности
international law	международное право
to draw up documents (agreements, treaties, conventions)	составлять документы (соглашения, договора, конвенции)
to protect and increase civil liberties	защищать и расширять гражданские права
the United Nations Organization	Организация Объединенных Наций
Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Всеобщая декларация прав человека
the Council of Europe	Совет Европы
to adopt	принять (конвенцию, декларацию)
Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод
to come into force	вступить в силу
the right to life, liberty and security	право на жизнь, на свободу и на личную неприкосновенность
prohibition of torture	запрещение пыток
prohibition of slavery and forced labour	запрещение рабства и принудительного труда
the right to a fair trial	право на справедливый суд
the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion	право на свободу мысли, совести и религии
the right to freedom of opinion and expression	право на свободу убеждений и на свободное выражение их
the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association	право на свободу мирных собраний и ассоциаций
the right to marry and to found a family without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion	право вступать в брак и основывать семью без всяких ограничений по признаку расы, национальности или религии
to observe the fundamental human rights and freedoms	соблюдать основные права и свободы человека

Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

The European Convention on Human Rights

While it is true to say that all societies require limitations upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet, etc., it is also true that any civilized society will attempt to maximize the liberty and minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom.

The problem of human rights is a matter of liberties rather than rights. According to Professor Williams, a liberty means any occasion on which an act or omission is not a breach of a duty. A right exists where there is a positive law on the subject; a liberty where there is no law against it.

In English law there is no written constitution nor any Bill of Rights to enshrine individual freedoms. Since the Second World War a number of international agreements, treaties, conventions and so on have been drawn up to protect, stabilize and increase civil liberties.

As examples, consider the following:

1) the Universal Declaration of Human Rights — United Nations Organization. This was adopted by the General Assembly on December 10, 1948.

2) the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, 1950 — Council of Europe. This is not an institution of the European Community, but an international organization of twenty-one West European states which was formed in 1949; it was the first post-war attempt at unifying Europe. Twenty of the twenty-one are parties to the convention — Liechtenstein being an exception. The convention came into force on September 3, 1953.

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is based on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) which was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. This Declaration sought to define a set of individual rights which were considered to be fundamental to the well-being of citizens of all countries. They included the right to an adequate standard of living, the right to work, the right to a fair trial and the right to own property. The ECHR is not as broad as the UDHR but is nevertheless an important document.

The Convention was drafted under the auspices of the Council of Europe, an international organization composed of 21 West European states which was formed in 1949 as the result of the first post-war attempt at unifying Europe. The impetus for the Convention came from the need to define more closely the obligations of members of the Council concerning «human rights», and, more generally, from the wish to provide a bulwark against communism and to prevent a recurrence of conditions which Europe had then recently witnessed. It was believed that the Convention would serve as an alarm that would bring violations of human rights to the attention of the international community in time for it to take action to suppress them. In practice, this function of the Convention, which imagines large-scale violations of human rights, has largely remained dormant. The Convention has instead been used primarily to raise questions of isolated weaknesses in legal systems that basically conform to its requirements and which are representative of the «common heritage of political traditions, ideals, freedom and the rule of law» to which the preamble to the Convention refers. Most commonly such questions have concerned the administration of criminal justice, although the impact of the Convention in other areas is increasingly being explored. The Convention is concerned mainly with civil and political rights. The rights included in the Convention include the right to life, the right to liberty and security of person, the right not to be subjected to inhuman or degrading treatment, not to be required to perform forced or compulsory labour, the right to a fair hearing, to respect for private life, to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, to freedom of expression and assembly and free elections. These, and the other provisions of the ECHR are called Articles.

The parties to the Convention are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxemburg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom. Liechtenstein is a member of the Council of Europe but not a party to the Convention.

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS

1. Do all societies require limitations upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet?

2. Does any civilized society try to minimize the restriction upon an individual's freedom?

3. Do you agree that the problem of human rights is a matter of liberties rather than of rights?

4. Give a definition of the term «right».

5. Give a definition of the term «liberty».

6. Is there any written constitution or any Bill of Rights to enshrine individual freedoms in English law?

7. Are there any treaties or conventions to protect and increase civil liberties in international law? What do you remember about them?

Task 2. Read and translate the following word combinations:

to define a set of individual rights

the well-being of citizens of all countries

the right to an adequate standard of living

the right to own property

under the auspices of the Council of Europe

the impetus for the Convention

to prevent a recurrence of conditions

in practice

large-scale violation of human rights

to remain dormant

common heritage of political traditions

the administration of criminal justice

Task 3. Complete the sentences with the words and word combinations from the boxes:

(a)

commonly criminal justice impact mainly

concerning obligations well-being

freedom violations post-war attempt

1. The council of Europe was formed as the result of the first ________ at unifying Europe.

2. These rights were considered to be fundamental to the ________ of citizens of all countries.

3. It was necessary to define more closely the _________ of members of the council _______ «human rights».

4. It will bring __________ of human rights to the attention of the international community.

5. Most __________ such question have concerned the administration of ________.

6. The _________ of the Convention in other areas is increasingly being explored.

7. The Convention is concerned _________ with civil and political rights.

(b)

human rights limitations the restriction written constitution

individual freedoms proclaimed agreements, treaties, conventions

adopted a breach of a duty came into force according to

1. All societies require ___ upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet.

2. Any civilized society tries to minimize ___ upon an individual's freedom.

3. The problem of ___ is a matter of liberties rather than of rights.

4. In English law there is no ___

5. In English law there is not any Bill of Rights to enshrine ____

6. In international law there are some ___ for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.

7. The United Nations Organization ___ the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December, 1948.

8. The Council of Europe ___ the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1953.

9. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ___ on 3 September, 1953.

10. ___ Professor Williams a liberty means any occasion on which an act or omission is not ___

Task 4. (a) Complete the text below with the words and word combinations from the box:

liberty six years

of discrimination by a majority

The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms proclaims the main human rights and freedoms: the right to life, ___ and security, prohibition of torture, prohibition of slavery and forced labour, right to a fair trial, no punishment without law, right to respect for private and family life, freedom of thought, conscience and religion, freedom of opinion and expression, freedom of peaceful assembly and association, the right to marry and to found a family without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, prohibition _______ and so on.

The European Court of Human Rights was set up to ensure the observance of the fundamental human rights and freedoms. It functions on a permanent basis. The term of office of every judge is ______ and expires when the judge is 70 years old. The judges must hold office until replaced. The judges must be of high moral character. No one can dismiss the judge from his office unless the other judges decide ________ of two-thirds that he does not fulfill the required conditions any more.

(b) Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the box:

NB	breach — нарушение (права, закона, договора и т.д.)
breach of duty		несправедливость, нарушение принципов правосудия
breach of faith		нарушение права, закона
breach of justice		нарушение обязательств
breach of law		нарушение общественного порядка
breach of obligations		злоупотребление доверием, вероломство
breach of promise		злоумышленное нарушение
breach of the peace		нарушение обещания, нарушение данного слова
malicious breach		нарушение, неисполнение обязанности
breach of confidence		нарушение договора
breach of contract		нарушение порядка
breach of order		нарушение доверия

Task 5. Translate the following word combinations and sentences into English:

права человека

цивилизованное общество

расширить свободы граждан

довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан

по мнению (кого-либо)

нарушение закона (невыполнение обязательства)

обеспечивать свободы личности

международное право

составлять документы

соглашение

договор

конвенция

Вторая мировая война

Организация Объединенных Наций

защищать и расширять гражданские права

провозглашать

Всеобщая декларация прав человека

Совет Европы

Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод

вступить в силу

право на жизнь, на свободу и на личную неприкосновенность

запрещение пыток

запрет рабства и принудительного труда

право на справедливый суд

право на невмешательство / уважение частной и семейной жизни

право на свободу мысли, совести и религии

право на свободу убеждений и на свободное выражение их

право на свободу мирных собраний и ассоциаций

право вступать в брак и основывать семью без всяких ограничений по признаку расы, национальности или религии

Европейский суд по правам человека

функционировать на постоянной основе

срок полномочий

уволить судью, лишить судью полномочий

если только не…

принять решение большинством голосов в две трети

соответствовать предъявляемым требованиям

1. Вопрос о правах человека в большей степени является проблемой свобод, нежели прав.

2. По мнению профессора Уильямса, свобода означает любые условия, при которых действие или бездействие не являются нарушением закона.

3. Любое цивилизованное общество пытается расширить свободы граждан и довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан.

4. Свобода существует там, где нет закона, ее ограничивающего.

5. Генеральная Ассамблея Объединенных Наций провозгласила Всеобщую декларацию прав человека в 1948 г.

6. Совет Европы принял Европейскую Конвенцию о защите прав человека и основных свобод в 1953 г.

7. Европейский суд по правам человека был учрежден в целях обеспечения соблюдения основных прав и свобод человека.

8. Срок полномочий каждого судьи шесть лет.

9. Срок полномочий судьи истекает, когда ему исполняется 70 лет.

10. Судья должен выполнять свои обязанности, пока ему не будет найден преемник. Судьи должны обладать высокими моральными качествами.

11. Никто не может лишить судью полномочий за исключением случаев, когда другие судьи большинством голосов в две трети принимают решение, что данный судья уже не соответствует предъявляемым к нему требованиям.

T ask 6. Study the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. What human rights and fundamental freedoms listed in the Declaration aren't observed throughout the world yet? Study the texts below and give your opinion on the problem of human rights.

In past centuries infants in China were sometimes kidnapped and turned into «animal children». Every day, starting with the back, the captors would remove a bit of the unfortunate child's skin and transplant pieces of the hide of a bear or dog in its place. The process was tedious, for the hide adhered only on spots, and the children often died in the midst of treatment. The captors also destroyed their victims' vocal cords, forced them to walk on all fours, and tortured them to such an extent that the innocent infants were soon bereft of all reason. One result of such atrocities was the «wild boy of Kiangse», exhibited in the nineteenth century before a group of westerners in China. The child walked on all fours, made a peculiar barking sound, and was covered with a fuzzy, leathery kind of hide. An American doctor named Macgowan who witnessed that spectacle recorded that another method of creating child-monsters in China was to deprive the children of light for several years so that their bones would become deformed.

Notes:

the hide of a bear	шкура медведя
to destroy vocal cords	разрушать голосовые связки
to force smb to walk on all fours	заставлять кого-либо ходить на четвереньках
to torture smb to such an extent that…	мучить кого-либо до такой степени, что…
to be bereft of all reason	лишиться рассудка
to make barking sounds	производить гавкающие звуки
fuzzy — пушистый; leathery	похожий на кожу
to deprive the children of light	лишать детей света

* * *

In seventeenth-century Europe there were wandering bands of smugglers called comprachicos whose stock-in-trade was buying children, deforming them, and selling them to the aristocracy, who thought it fashionable to have freaks in court. The comprachicos' «arts» included slunting children's growth, placing muzzles on their faces to deform them (it was from this practice that Dumas took his theme for The Man in the Iron Mask), slitting their eyes, dislocating their joints, and malforming their bones. James II of England hired comprachicos to kidnap the heirs of families whose lines he wished to extinguish. Victor Hugo's The Man Who Laughs had a grotesque permanent smile carved by the comprachicos.

Notes:

wandering bands of smugglers	бродячие группы контрабандистов
stock-in-trade	шаблонные манеры и уловки, присущие определенным лицам; (зд.) ремесло
a freak	уродец
in court	при дворе
а muzzle	морда, намордник
to slit	разрезать в длину, расщеплять, раскалывать
to dislocate joints	перемещать конечности / части тела
to malform (bones)	деформировать, уродовать (кости)
an heir (of a family)	наследник (семьи)
to extinguish	уничтожать

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice
domestic violence / domestic abuse	домашнее насилие
spousal abuse	супружеское насилие
sexual abuse	сексуальное насилие
physical assault	физическое нападение
cohabitants and non-married intimate partners	сожители и неженатые партнеры
perpetrators of domestic violence	виновные в домашнем насилии
to bring perpetrators to justice	привлечь виновных к суду
to prosecute the perpetrators	преследовать виновных по закону
to lead to criminal violence	привести к преступному насилию
to seek justice	искать правосудия
to gain justice	добиться правосудия
to ban discrimination and violence against women	запретить дискриминацию и насилие над женщинами
to escape violence	избегнуть насилия
drug and alcohol dependence	наркотическая и алкогольная зависимость
sleep disorders	нарушения сна
sexual dysfunction	сексуальные расстройства
strained family relationships	натянутые семейные отношения
suicide attempts	попытки самоубийства
an inability to adequately respond to the needs of one's children	неспособность адекватно реагировать на нужды своих детей
to respect, protect and fulfill the rights of women	уважать, защищать и исполнять права женщин
family reunification or maintenance	воссоединение и сохранение семьи
to promote and protect the human rights of women	развивать и защищать права женщин
to claim freedoms and entitlements at the national and international levels	заявлять о свободах и правах на национальном и международном уровнях
to reduce criminal penalty	сократить уголовное наказание
with impunity	безнаказанно

Task 7. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

Domestic violence

Domestic violence is a pattern of controlling and aggressive behaviors from one adult, usually a man, towards another, usually a woman, within the context of an intimate relationship.

Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate another. Domestic violence often refers to violence between spouses, or spousal abuse but can include cohabitants and non-married intimate partners. Domestic violence occurs in all cultures; people of all races, ethnicities, sexes and classes can be perpetrators of domestic violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by both men and women.

Domestic violence has many forms. Violence can be criminal and includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced sexual activity), and stalking. Although emotional, psychological and financial abuses are not criminal behaviors, they are forms of abuse and can lead to criminal violence. There is a number of dimensions including the following.

Violence and abuse affect all kinds of people every day. It doesn't matter what race or culture you come from, how much money you have, how old you are, or if you have a disability. Violence doesn't discriminate.

Abuse can be physical, mental, and emotional. Violence against women in any form is a crime, whether the abuser is a family member, someone you date; a current or past spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend; an acquaintance; or a stranger. You are not at fault. You don't cause the abuse to occur. Too often the crime of domestic violence is hidden away.

Domestic violence is any incident of threatening behavior, violence or abuse between adults who are or have been in a relationship together, or between family members, regardless of gender or sexuality.

The Russian government estimates that 14,000 women were killed by relatives in 2005, yet the country still has no law specifically addressing domestic violence. In South Africa, more women are shot at home in acts of domestic violence than are shot by strangers on the streets or by intruders.

All too often, violence against women in the family is considered a private matter and not treated by the authorities as a crime. However, all governments are responsible for protecting their citizens from abuse, whether committed by officials or by private individuals («non-state actors»). If a state fails to prevent, investigate and punish acts of violence against women with sufficient diligence, then it shares responsibility for the abuses.

Violence in the family includes battering by intimate partners and others, sexual abuse of young women, marital rape and traditional practices harmful to women. Abuse of domestic workers can also be considered in this category. Violence in the family is often physical, psychological, and sexual.

Long-term effects of domestic violence on women who have been abused may include: anxiety, chronic depression, chronic pain, dehydration dissociative states, drug and alcohol dependence, eating disorders, emotional «over-reactions» to stimuli, general emotional numbing, malnutrition panic attacks, poor adherence to medical recommendations, repeated self-injury, self-neglect, sexual dysfunction, sleep disorders, strained family relationships, suicide attempts, an inability to adequately respond to the needs of their children.

Domestic violence can severely impair a parent's ability to nurture the development of their children. Mothers who are abused may be depressed or preoccupied with the violence.

(Renvoize, Jean (1982). Incest: A Family Pattern // Guidelines for Psychological Evaluations in Child Protection Matters, American Psychological Association. — London: Routledge&Kegan Paul. February 1998.)

Notes:

chronic depression	хроническая депрессия
dehydration dissociative state	диссоциативные состояния
stalking	Преследование
eating disorders	пищевые расстройства
emotional «over-reactions» to stimuli	чрезмерные реакции на раздражители
general emotional numbing	общее эмоциональное оцепенение
malnutrition panic attacks	неправильное питание, вызванное приступами страха
poor adherence to medical recommendations	нежелание следовать медицинским рекомендациям
repeated self-injury	рецидивное членовредительство самому себе
self neglect	пренебрежение собой

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is domestic violence?

2. When does domestic abuse happen?

3. Does domestic violence occur in all cultures and affect all kinds of people?

4. What is the difference between criminal and not criminal violence?

5. Why do women hide away domestic violence?

6. Does any law specifically addressing domestic violence exist?

7. What are long-term effects of domestic violence on women?

Task 8. Replace the words and word combinations in brackets by their equivalents from the text above:

1. (Домашнее насилие) is a pattern of controlling and (агрессивное поведение) from one adult, usually a man, towards another, usually a woman, (в контексте личных взаимоотношений).

2. Domestic violence often refers to (акты насилия между супругами) but can also include (сожители и неженатые партнеры).

3. Domestic violence (виновны) by both men and women.

4. Violence can be criminal and includes (физическое нападение: избиение, толкание и т.п., сексуальное насилие: нежелательные или насильственные сексуальные действия и преследование).

5. Too often a crime of domestic violence (скрывается).

6. All too often violence against women in the family (рассматривается как частное дело) and not treated (властями) as a crime.

7. However, all governments (несут ответственность за защиту своих граждан от насилия), whether committed by officials or by private individuals (частный субъект деяния).

8. If a state (не может предотвратить насилие), (прилагая достаточные усилия), then it shares responsibility for the abuse.

9. Among long-term effects of domestic violence on women are: (беспокойство, преувеличенные реакции, расстройства сна, попытки суицида, пищевые расстройства, истощенные диссоциативные состояния).

Task 9. (a) Translate the following word combinations into English in writing:

эмоциональная заторможенность

уход за детьми

серьезно влияет на способность родителей осуществлять воспитание детей

длительное воздействие

хроническая депрессия

предотвращать акты насилия

алкогольная и наркотическая зависимости

совершенные официальными лицами или индивидуумами

невыполнение медицинских рекомендаций

истощенное эмоциональное состояние

рассматривается как частное дело

натянутые отношения в семье

с достаточным усердием

субъект деяния

законы, относящиеся к…

угрожающее поведение

грабителями

со стороны одного взрослого по отношению к другому

бывшие партнеры

бывшие супруги

виновные в домашнем насилии

нежелательные или вынужденные

психологическое нападение

преследование

может случиться с любым

может повлиять на любого

не зависит от возраста

не зависит от того, имеется ли у вас инвалидность

сожители

неженатые партнеры

в настоящее время являться супругом

вы не виноваты

(b) Translate the following sentences into English in writing:

Насилие не избирательно. Многие люди сталкиваются с насилием и оскорблениями каждый день. Для того чтобы подвергнуться насилию, не имеет значения, к какой расе или культуре вы принадлежите, сколько у вас денег, сколько вам лет или вы инвалид. Насилие может быть физическим, психическим и эмоциональным. Насилие над женщиной в любой форме — это преступление, независимо от того, является ли насильник членом семьи, кто-то, с кем вы встречаетесь, нынешним или бывшим супругом, знакомым или посторонним. Очень часто домашнее насилие скрывается. Домашнее насилие может принимать различные формы. Виновниками домашнего насилия могут быть как мужчины, так и женщины. Домашнее насилие может часто происходить между супругами, сожителями или неженатыми партнерами. Домашнее насилие происходит, когда член семьи, партнер или бывший партнер предпринимает попытку физически или психологически подавить другого. В стране все еще нет законов, специально относящихся к проблеме домашнего насилия. Слишком часто насилие над женщиной в семье считается личным делом, и власти не рассматривают его в качестве преступления. Государство несет ответственность за защиту своих граждан от насилия. Если государство не предпринимает достаточных мер для предотвращения, расследования и наказания актов насилия над женщинами, то оно делит ответственность за эти преступления. Государство ответственно за защиту своих граждан от насилия, даже если насилие совершено «негосударственным» субъектом деяния. Домашнее насилие может оказать серьезное негативное влияние на способность родителей заботиться о развитии своих детей.

Task 10. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:

(a)

to bring a case before the court	возбудить уголовное преследование
to bring an action (against sb)	возбудить судебное дело, тяжбу
to bring a prosecution	предъявить иск (кому-либо), возбудить судебное дело
to bring a suit	выдвигать обвинения
to bring a witness	предъявлять доказательства
to bring charges	возбудить судебное дело, подать в суд
to bring evidence	привлечь к ответственности
to bring to account	привлечь к суду
to bring to justice	выставить свидетеля
to bring to responsibility	призвать к ответу
to bring to trial	отдать в руки правосудия

(b)

case at law	версия обвинения
case for the defense	выступать по делу
case for the prosecution	уголовное дело
to appear in the case	судебное дело; предмет судебного разбирательства
to defend a case	опровергнуть версию; доказательства; обвинение
to dismiss a case	версия защиты
to drop a case	защищаться (на суде); представлять доводы
to disprove the case	рассматриваемое дело; данное дело
to prepare a case for trial	прекратить дело
to review the case	решить дело; раскрыть преступление
to solve a case	отказаться от иска, обвинения
criminal case	гражданское дело
civil case	подготовить дело к слушанию в суде
case in point	обычный случай; обычное, рутинное судебное дело
routine case	пересмотреть дело

(c)

NB	run — (1) иметь хождение (о валюте); (2) быть действительным, действовать, иметь юридическую силу (в течение определенного срока); (3) управлять, вести дела; (4) следовать за

to run a risk	срок должностных полномочий
to run a war	подвергаться риску
run of office	срок действия (договора)
run of validity	заявлять иск, претензию
to run a claim	вести войну

QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION

Society prepares the crime; the criminal commits it.

Buckle

Crime is contagious. If the government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law.

Brandeis

Debate: HOW CAN VICTIMS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE BE PROTECTED?

Give examples of domestic violence from your own life or somebody you know, or from the books you have read. Answer the following questions:

• What laws could you make concerning domestic violence? Must they be severe?

• What must be done to prevent hiding away the crime of domestic violence?

• Must a victim talk with a health care provider if she/he has been physically hurt?

• If a victim has been sexually, physically or emotionally abused, must she/he seek help from other family members, friends or community organizations?

• Do you think community organizations can play an important role in protecting victims of domestic violence? Think of how these organizations could be built.

Task 11. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:

issue of the day	(a) запретить дискриминацию и насилие против женщин
to claim at any level	(b) привлечь виновных к суду
to ban discrimination and violence against women	(c) развивать и защищать права женщин (в рамках прав чело- века)
to promote and protect the human rights of women	(d) женщины, которые заявляют властям о насилии
to reduce criminal penalty — сократить уголовное наказание	(e) государство не выполняет сво- их обязательств
to seek justice	(f) заявить на любом уровне
to gain justice	(g) сократить уголовное наказание
laws are flawed	(h) животрепещущая проблема
women who report abuse	(i) действовать по отношению к женщинам иначе, чем по отношению к мужчинам
the state fails in its obligations	(j) безнаказанно
to bring perpetrators to justice	(k) избегнуть насилия
to treat women differently from men	(l) восстановление семьи
to escape violence	(m) добиться правосудия
family reunification	(n) законы не работают
family maintenance	(o) воссоединение семьи
with impunity	(p) искать правосудия

Task 12. Translate the following sentences into English in writing:

Большинство актов насилия над женщинами не расследуется. Виновные не преследуются по закону. Виновные совершают преступления безнаказанно. Существуют общества, в которых насилие над женщинами рассматривается как норма, а не как преступление. Женщины не ищут правосудия, так как они уверены, что не достигнут его. В некоторых странах законы дискриминационны по отношению к женщинам или они настолько бессильны, что не могут защитить женщин от насилия. Женщины боятся обратиться в правоохранительные органы в страхе потерять возможность воспитывать своих детей. Во многих странах полиция и следственные органы не хотят верить и помогать женщинам, подвергшимся насилию со стороны членов их семей. Государство несет ответственность за расследование и преследование по закону актов насилия над женщинами. Слишком часто общество является соучастником государства в бездействии относительно привлечения виновных к суду. Правоохранительная система применяет законы по-разному по отношению к мужчинам и к женщинам. В некоторых странах закон наказывает домашнее насилие, но супружеское изнасилование на подлежит наказанию. Законы некоторых стран выносят условные приговоры об изнасиловании, если виновный женится на своей жертве. Международный закон по правам человека обеспечивает механизмы, чтобы призвать правительство к отчету, если оно не выполняет свои обязательства. Общество не должно игнорировать безнаказанность домашних тиранов.

Task 13. Match the English expressions with their Russian equivalents in the table:

(a)

NB	detention — задержание; заключение под стражу; содержание под стражей

detention in custody	предварительное заключение
detention until the trial	необоснованное задержание или содержание под стражей
preliminary detention / detention on remand	содержание под стражей
unfounded detention	превентивное заключение
preventive detention	заключение под стражу до начала рассмотрения дела в суде
detention centre	тюремная камера, камера для задержанных
detention cell	следственный изолятор, исправительное учреждение

(b)

NB	penalty — наказание; карательная мера; взыскание; санкция, штраф

to assess the penalty	назначить наказание условно
to impose a penalty	определить меру наказания
to make a penalty conditional	под страхом смертной казни
to proportion penalty to the crime	назначить наказание
death penalty	наказание лишением свободы
under penalty	штраф, штрафная неустойка
upon penalty of death	назначить наказание соразмерно совершенному преступлению
penalty of confinement / custodial penalty	под страхом наказания
non-custodial penalty	смертная казнь
money penalty	наказание, не связанное с лишением свободы

QUOTATIONS FOR COMMON DISCUSSION

And who are the greater criminals — those who sell the instruments of death, or those who buy and use them?

Anonymous

Whoever profits by the crime is guilty of it.

Anonymous

Small crimes always precede great ones. Never have we seen timid innocence pass suddenly to extreme licentiousness.

Racine

Debate: WHAT ARE THE REAL CAUSES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE?

Think it over and give your own ideas on the following problems:

1. What are the real causes of controlling and aggressive behavior from a man towards a woman within the context of an intimate relationship? Maybe it's the influence of «the men's world» because domestic violence occurs in all cultures, races, religions; or men have to prove their masculinity by aggressive behavior?

2. Comment upon the cases of emotional, psychological and financial abuses. Being not criminal behaviors, they still can lead to it.

3. Why do women usually fail to report violence?

IOWA FUNNY LAWS It is a violation of the law to sell or distribute drugs or narcotics without having first obtained the appropriate Iowa drug tax stamp. It is illegal to accept a gratuity or tip in Iowa. One-armed piano players must perform for free. Riverboat gamblers have a 5$ maximum bet. Tanning bed facilities must warn of the risk of getting a sunburn. You may shoot Native Americans if there are more than five of them on your property at any one time. Ministers must obtain a permit to carry their liquor across state lines. It is illegal to hunt from an aircraft. An owner or employee of an establishment in Iowa that sells alcohol can't legally consume a drink there after closing for business.

ROLE-PLAY

Role-play the following situation: Your closest friend has got to hospital after being attacked by her husband at home. Her children have also been involved in the fight and been injured. You meet your lawyer in hospital. You tell him/her about the problem and ask him/her to take appropriate steps. But your friend is not sure about the action for assault and battery concerning her husband. Appoint one student as a lawyer, one as a victim, one as a witness, one as a doctor, one as the husband and one as your friend.

U nit 4

CRIME DETECTION

Useful Words and Expressions for Speech Practice

to stop, search, arrest and place a person under detention	остановить человека, обыскать, арестовать и заключить под стражу
to enforce law	следить за соблюдением закона
investigation of offences	расследование правонарушений
breach of law	нарушение закона
to arrest people suspected of having committed the offence	арестовывать подозреваемых в совершении преступления
to have powers to arrest people	иметь полномочия на арест
with/without a warrant issued by a court	с (без) ордером на арест, выданным судом
A suspect may refuse to answer police questions or to give evidence in court.	Подозреваемый может отказаться отвечать на вопросы полиции и давать показания в суде.
to be detained without charge	быть задержанным без предъявления обвинения
to be charged with the offence	быть обвиненным в правонарушении
to be released on bail	освободить на поруки
to keep in custody	содержать под стражей
to discharge from custody	освободить из-под стражи
to apprehend the perpetrators	задержать преступников
to provide evidence	обеспечить доказательства
to interrogate suspects and witnesses	опрашивать подозреваемых и свидетелей
surveillance techniques	методы наблюдения
to identify the perpetrator	опознать преступника
eyewitness testimony	свидетельства очевидцев
to collect clues	собирать улики
(in)sufficient evidence	достаточные улики
forensic medicine	судебная медицина

Task 1. Study the text below, making sure you fully comprehend it. Where appropriate, consult English-Russian dictionaries and/or other reference & source books on law. Pay special attention to the words and word combinations in bold type.

C rime Detection

Crime Detection is discovery, identification, and analysis of criminal evidence as a means of law enforcement. The responsibility of law enforcement agencies is to detect crimes, apprehend the perpetrators, and provide evidence that will convince judges and juries that the perpetrators are guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. To accomplish these aims a variety of methods are used, including reconstructing the crime, collecting physical clues, and interrogating suspects and witnesses.

The methods of detection employed are dictated by the nature of the crime and the procedures permitted by the legal system. Most investigations begin with careful, objective observations that are then assembled, collated, and matched against applicable law. If there is reason to assume that a crime has indeed been committed, further investigation is undertaken using scientific methods and techniques. Technological advances have been incorporated into criminal investigation as well; for example, trace clues such as dust, paint, glass, and other microscopic evidence may be analyzed.

Surveillance

One of the oldest ways of detecting criminal activity is through surveillance. This method is used when it is likely that a crime will take place at a specific location or when certain persons are suspected of criminal activity. The first situation usually is handled by fixed police observation known as a stakeout; the second circumstance may require mobile observation as well, perhaps on foot or by automobile. Some situations may call for aerial observation (using helicopters) or electronic procedures (using listening devices that monitor telephone lines).

The observation method must be legal. Surveillance techniques, for example, may include placing personnel in strategic locations and equipping them with optical aids, such as binoculars or scopes with the capacity to detect an object illuminated only by moonlight, or with electronic devices, sensitive to a conversation taking place at a considerable distance. Where a possibility exists of invasion of privacy, a court order is required to make the police action and the information obtained acceptable at a trial.

Allied to surveillance are covert or undercover observations, which usually are confined to activities such as gambling, dealing in narcotics, and other major organized crimes. Informants are the source of much useful information in investigations; they may be citizens motivated by civic duty or sometimes, criminals motivated by self-interest.

I nterrogation

The information needed to further an investigation must be obtained from people who have some significant knowledge concerning the crime. Witnesses or victims are interviewed, and suspects are interrogated. Eyewitnesses to a crime are often asked to identify the perpetrator, although identification errors have prompted psychologists to explore the processes and pitfalls of memory, recall, and recognition. Experiments under controlled conditions indicate that jurors will convict four times as often if eyewitness testimony is offered, even when the visual acuity of the witness is discredited. Eyewitness identifications, therefore, must be considered carefully, and the credibility of the identification must be tested to ensure that error is unlikely.

I nterrogation is used when the information sought is not readily forthcoming, perhaps because of hostility or guilt. Often some key to the solution of a crime, such as the location of the weapon in a murder case, is known only to the perpetrator. Without information provided by the suspect, a crime may go unsolved. Legal safeguards against abuse now surround this process. Before using any information obtained from an interrogation, the court must be assured that the suspect was advised of his or her rights. If proper legal procedures are not followed, any evidence obtained is inadmissible in a trial.

One more important method of investigation is different types of records (e.g. fingerprints, intelligence files, which contain criminal specialties, associates, and skills and other information that might suggest future criminal involvement and the means by which the criminals can be apprehended. Records are also used for a general analysis of crime, so that police administrators can be informed of criminal trends and the best ways to suppress them). Business and public records are consulted by investigators to locate wanted or missing persons.

Task 2. Match the words with their Russian equivalents:

covert	улика
clue	нарушитель уголовного закона; преступник
surveillance	скрытый, тайный, секретный
perpetrator	наблюдение, надзор

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is crime detection?

2. What kind of methods can be used for detection of a crime?

3. What kind of surveillances do you know and in what situations are they used?

4. What purposes does an interrogation have?

5. What records can be used during an investigation?

Task 3. Study the information below and give your opinion on the problem of fingerprint evidence.

From the history of fingerprinting…

March 27, 1905