4. Language Focus.

   1. Grammar in context – adverb clauses.

What do the sentences in Set 1 have in common? What do the sentences in Set 2 have in common? What is the difference between the sentences Set 1 and Set 2? Discuss your answers in groups.

Set 1

• When he became a Muslim, he dedicated himself completely to the cause of Allah (SWT).

• He said that when there was a dispute, they should all decide to obey only one person in order to have unity.

Set 2

• He put his grandfather's name in the place where his father's name should go.

• Everybody was unhappy when he arrived.

b. Analysis.

Look at the following sentences from the text and insert the correct punctuation.

1. When Umar became caliph he appointed Abu Ubaidah as major general of the Muslim armies conquered Greater Syria

2. When he arrived he went straight to Abu Ubaidah’s tent

3. When Umar returned to Makkah

4. later when Umar was caliph

5. if I nominated a caliph to follow me

c) Comparing Structures.

Compare the following pairs of sentences and insert the correct punctuation where it is needed.

1. a) When he arrived he went straight to Abu Ubaidah's tent. b) Umar suddenly began to cry when he realized the hardships and difficulties faced bу this great general and his army.

2. a) He should be able to forgive if somebody does wrong or makes a mistake. b) If he had money he gave it away to the needy.

3. a) At noon prayers the Prophet (SAAS) went to the mosque. b) When Abu Ubaidah arrived at the army camp...

Which sentences are like those in Set 1? Which sentences are like those in Set 2?

d) Rule Formation.

Help to write the grammatical rules by completing the sentences.

1. Clauses such as when he arrived and if he had money are called ……….. clauses. They are dependent, which means they cannot stand on their own.

2. When these clauses occur before an independent clause, they are usually followed by a………..

3. When these clauses come after an independent clause, they are usually not preceded by a……….. .

6. Grammar Cloze Task.

In pairs, fill the gaps in the passage below.

(1) ……….. Abu Ubaidah was in charge of the Muslim armies, his behavior showed that he was a (2) ……… man. (3)………. he received any money, he gave it to those who needed it more. (4)……… the caliph Umar wanted to come and visit the army, Abu Ubaidah tried to discourage him (5) ………. he knew Umar would be upset. (6) ……….. Umar reached the place (7) ……….. the army were staying, he went to Abu Ubaidah's tent. He was given (8)………. a few crusts of bread. (9)………. , he understood what a difficult life the general and the army were facing. (10)………. he realized this, he began to cry.

4. Critical Thinking.

The Prophet (SAAS) once said, "Each and every one of my companions has a fault or weakness except Abu Ubaidah." Indeed, human beings have many faults and weaknesses in their characters. Below are some examples.

Laziness, boastfulness, wastefulness, stinginess, extravagance, pies, pride, unreliability, impatience, thoughtlessness, selfishness, greed, dishonesty, lechery, arrogance, envy.

1. In groups, using a dictionary, check the meanings of all the above words.

2. Once you fully understand the meaning of the words, divide the weaknesses into two categories — major weaknesses and minor weaknesses. Think of examples of behavior in everyday life which show each of these weaknesses.

3. One member of each group will present their two categories to the class. Be prepared to defend your group's classifications and be ready to question those of other groups.

1. Arrive at a description that all members of the class can agree with.