Билет для экзамена № 21

1. Eyewitness testimony.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Infringement refers to the unauthorized use of intellectual property. To protect against infringement, owners should take steps to put the world on notice that their rights exist. Providing notice helps deter infringement by making the owner's rights more visible to those who might inadvertently violate them. It also triggers additional legal benefits, and puts the owner in a better position to prosecute an infringement in court, if that becomes necessary. Inventors can give notice of their rights by marking their product with the patent number assigned to it by the Patent and Trademark Office.

The label "patent pending" can also be used to discourage others from copying the design before the patent is awarded. Notice of trademarks and copyrights is given by placing the appropriate symbol (TM, ©, etc.) on the material, and then registering the mark or copyright, so it can be added to the government's database. If infringement does occur, rights to intellectual property can be enforced in federal court.

Before filing a lawsuit, however, owners will want to consult with an attorney and carefully consider whether litigation is in their best interests. Infringement cases are expensive to prosecute, and there is always a risk that the owner's rights, once held up to the scrutiny of a court proceeding, will be revealed as invalid or less extensive than the owner believed. In the event an owner of intellectual property does sue, and the lawsuit is successful, a number of remedies will be available. The court can order an injunction, meaning the infringer must stop what it is doing.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

Санкт-петербургский институт (филиал)федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «всероссийский государственный университет юстиции (рпа минюста россии)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

Билет для экзамена № 22

1. What stops people from committing crime.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Intellectual property law deals with the rules for securing and enforcing legal rights to inventions, designs, and artistic works. Just as the law protects ownership of personal property and real estate, so too does it protect the exclusive control of intangible assets. The purpose of these laws is to give an incentive for people to develop creative works that benefit society, by ensuring they can profit from their works without fear of misappropriation by others. Article I, Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution gives Congress express authority to grant authors and inventors exclusive rights to their creations. Section 8 also gives Congress the power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, providing further support for its right to legislate in this area. Intellectual property laws passed by Congress are administered by two government agencies, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, and the U.S. Copyright Office. Patents give inventors the right to use their product in the marketplace, or to profit by transferring that right to someone else. Depending on the type of invention, patent rights are valid for up to 20 years. Qualifying items include new machines, technological improvements, and manufactured goods, including the "look" of a product. Patent protection will be denied if an invention is found to be obvious in design, not useful, or morally offensive. Trademarks protect symbols, names, and slogans used to identify goods and services. The purpose is to avoid confusion, deter misleading advertising, and help consumers distinguish one brand from another. Since the goal is to distinguish, generic or purely descriptive marks may not qualify. Rights can potentially last forever, and they are obtained by simply using a mark. While not required, owners can register their marks for additional protection. Copyrights apply to writings, music, motion pictures, architecture, and other original intellectual and artistic expressions. Protection is not available for theories or ideas, or anything that has not been captured in a fixed medium. The act of creation itself produces a copyright and unpublished works are still protected. Use of a copyright symbol and date is common, but not mandatory. Most copyrights are valid for the creator's lifetime, plus 70 years.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 23

1. DUI/DWA.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Criminal trials in the United Kingdom take the form of a contest between the prosecution and the defence. Since the law presumes the innocence of an accused person until guilt has been proved, the prosecution is not granted any advantage, apparent or real, over the defence. A defendant has the right to employ a legal adviser and may be granted legal aid from public funds. If remanded in custody, the person may be visited by a legal adviser to ensure a properly prepared defence. During the preparation of the case, the prosecution usually tells the defence of relevant documents which it is not proposed to put in evidence and discloses them if asked to do so. The prosecution should also inform the defence of witnesses whose evidence may help the accused and whom the prosecution does not propose to call. The defence or prosecution may suggest that the defendant's mental state renders him or her unfit to be tried. If the jury decides that this is so, the defendant is admitted to a specified hospital. 

  Criminal trials are normally in open court and rules of evidence (concerned with the proof of facts) are rigorously applied. If evidence is improperly admitted, a conviction can be quashed on appeal. During the trials the defendant has the right to hear or cross-examine witnesses for the prosecution, normally through a lawyer; to call his or her own witnesses who, if they will not attend voluntarily, may be legally compelled to attend, and to address the court in person or through a lawyer, the defence having the right to the last speech at the trial.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 24

1. The system of courts.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Criminal offences may be grouped into three categories. Offences triable only on 
indictment — the very serious offences such as murder,, man slaughter, rape and robbery — are tried only by the Crown Court presided over by a judge sitting with a jury. Summary offences - the least serious offences and the vast majority of criminal cases - are tried by unpaid lay magistrates sitting without a jury. A third category of offences (such as theft, 
burglary, or malicious wounding) are known as 'either way offences and can be tried either by magistrates or by the Crown Court depending on the circumstances of each case and the wishes of the defendant. 
  In addition to dealing with summary offences and the 'either way' offences which are entrusted to them, the magistrate's commit cases to the Crown Court either for trial or 
for sentence. 

Committals for trial are either of indictable offences or of 'either way' offences, which it has been determined, will be tried in the Crown Court. Committals for sentence occur when the defendant in an 'either way' case has been tried summarily but 
the court has decided to commit him or her to the Crown Court for sentence. 
 

Magistrates must as a rule sit in open court to which the public and the media are admitted. A court normally consists of three lay magistrates - known as justices of the 
peace - advised on points of law and procedures by a legally qualified clerk or a qualified assistant. Magistrates are appointed by the Lord Chancellor, except in Lancashire, 
Greater Manchester and Merseyside where appointments are made by the Chancellor of 
the Duchy of Lancaster. There are nearly 28,000 lay magistrates.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 25

1. Hate crimes.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

The Bastille was a medieval fortress on the East side of Paris that became, in the 17th and 18th centuries, a French state prison and a place of detention for important stormed by an armed mob charged with persons miscellaneous fences. The Bastille, of Parisians in the opening days of the French Revolution was symbol of the despotism of the Bourbons and held an important place in the ideology of the Revolution. With its eight towers, 10 feet high, linked by walls of equal height and dominated surrounded by a moat more than 80 feet wide, the Bastille Paris. The first stone was laid on April 22, 1370 on the orders of Charles V of France, who had it built as a bastide, or fortification (the name Bastille is a corruption of bastide), to protect this wall around Paris against English attack. The Cardinal de Richelieu was the first to use the Bastille as a state prison in the 17th century. Prisoners included political troublemakers and individuals held at the request of their families often to coerce a young member into obedience or to prevent a disreputable member from marring the family's name. Under Louis XIV, the Bastille became a place of judicial detention, and later persons being tried by the Parliament were also detained there. It is noteworthy that prohibited books were also placed in the Bastille. The high cost of maintaining the building prompted talk of demolition in 1784 On July 14, 1789, when only seven prisoners were confined in the building, a mob advanced on the Bastille with the intention of asking the prison governor to release the arms and munitions stored here. Angered by the governor's refusal, the people stormed and captured the place. This dramatic action came to symbolise the end of the ancient regime. The Bastille was subsequently demolished by order of the Revolutionary government.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 26

1. International crimes.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Juvenile delinquency refers to antisocial or illegal behavior by children or adolescents and is considered a serious problem all over the world. It is caused by social, economic and cultural factors. This juvenile criminality is apparent in marginal sectors of urban areas where children are exposed to violence in their immediate social environment, either as observers or as victims. Because delinquents basic education, if they have any, is poor they have been marginalized from society and destitute of any dignity or self-esteem. Although most legal systems prescribe specific procedures for dealing with young criminals, such as juvenile detention centers and suppression, approaches to prevent youth from becoming delinquent should also include measures to instill equality and justice, fight poverty and create an atmosphere of hope and peace among youth. These preventive policies should be given priorities over any coercive measures.

Socioeconomic opportunities and administrative services should be provided in rural areas to discourage young people from migrating to urban areas. Similarly, youth from poor urban settings should benefit from plans that focus on education, employment and access to leisure programs , especially during long school holidays. Young people who drop out of school or come from broken families should have access to specific social programs that help them become responsible adults.

Information campaigns should be planned to sensitize youth to be aware of the detrimental effects of violence on the family, community and society, to teach them how to communicate without violence.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 27

1. The history of law.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Commercial awareness is more than simply knowing what the law is. It is also more than knowing the academic legal English vocabulary that most books and legal English courses will teach you. Commercial awareness involves an understanding of what is important and relevant to the client and how the law works in reality. A law student often sees things in black and white. An experienced lawyer knows there are many other colours in between.’

At Cambridge Law Studio we know that it is not enough to know academic legal English. Your clients will require knowledge and advice that will enable them to get the best possible result for their business within the existing commercial and legal framework. This means that as their lawyer you must have:

Legal English skills that give you the ability to advise on real-life scenarios, not academic theory.

A good general knowledge of a client’s business and an understanding of the wider international environment in which your client’s business operates.

An ability to look at situations from a commercial as well as a legal point of view.

This means an understanding of what makes a particular business successful and appreciating the factors, including strong legal English skills, that influence that success. A law student is quick to apply the obvious solution to a problem; a commercially aware lawyer has realistic alternatives.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 28

1. Methods of crime detection.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

In all legal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law. Usually these take the form of a hierarchy of courts. The role of each court and its capacity to make decisions is strictly defined in relation to other courts. There two main reasons for having a variety of courts. One is that a particular court can specialize in particular kinds of legal actions — for example, family courts and juvenile courts. The other is so that a person who feels his case was not fairly treated in a lower court can appeal to a higher court for reassessment (although the right of appeal usually depends upon the appellant being able to show certain reasons for his dissatisfaction). The decisions of a higher court are binding upon lower courts. At the top of the hierarchy is a supreme lawmaking body, but the process of taking an action from a lower court to the highest court may be very time-consuming and costly.

We can use the English system as an example of how courts relate to one another. In general, the division between civil and criminal law is reflected in this system. The Crown Courts, for example, deal exclusively with criminal matters, the County Courts, with civil. However, the Queen's Bench Division of the High Court considers appeals from lower criminal courts, as well as civil matters, and the Magistrates Courts, while mostly concerned with criminal cases, also deal with some civil matters. The highest court, the House of Lords, deals with all matters (including appeals from Scottish and Northern Irish courts).

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ)

ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ

(РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

БИЛЕТ ДЛЯ ЭКЗАМЕНА № 29

1. Famous prisons.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

The process whereby an offender comes to court is complicated. A person arrested by the police who admits to committing an offence may receive a formal caution, with matters being taken no further. If he denies committing the offence, or if the offence is considered too serious for a caution, the police report the matter to the Crown Prosecution Service, which decides whether or not to prosecute. The police may release the accused person on bail to appear later at court, or simply agree to send him a summons; or they may keep the person in custody at a police station, in which case they must take the person to court within seventy-two hours or as soon as possible, so that magistrates can give legal permission for the person to be detained. The accused person may be transferred to a remand prison until his case can be dealt with. Young men under 15 and young women under 17 cannot be remanded to prison, and the preferred option for all young offenders is to remand them into the care of the local authority if bail is not considered appropriate. Remand prisoners who have not yet been to trial have special privileges (such as daily visits) and must be assumed to be innocent. However, the benefit of any such privileges tends to be negated. The only other possible advantage of being remanded in custody is that time served in this way is deducted from any prison sentence eventually given. Remand prisoners must be produced in court periodically during the adjournment period - a protection against abuse or even "disappearance".

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОГО ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО БЮДЖЕТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО УЧРЕЖДЕНИЯ ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ «ВСЕРОССИЙСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ ЮСТИЦИИ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)» САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)