Санкт-петербургский институт (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «всероссийский государственный университет юстиции (рпа минюста россии)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

Билет для экзамена № 10

1. Crime against humanity.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

Criminal courts are courts dealing with the prosecution of people for breaking the criminal law. They deal with behavior considered harmful to society as a whole, as opposed to civil courts, which deal with legal disputes between one private interest (individual body) and another. 

The main criminal courts in England and Wales are Magistrates' courts and Crown courts. Magistrates' courts deal with almost 98 per cent of criminal cases. They hear the facts of a case, make decisions about guilt or innocence and give sentences. Magistrates are ordinary of the public, appointed the Lord Chancellor, with the power to impose any sentence up to the laid-down maximum for the offence or a total of twelve months for more than one offence. If magistrates consider an offence to require greater punishment that they have powers to inflict, they must commit the defendant to the Crown powers Court. Some offences - "summary offences" such as minor assault and criminal damage - can be dealt with only in magistrates' courts, whereas very serious indictable offences (such as murder, rape and robbery) can be dealt with only by the Crown Court. Most are triabl either way, allowing the defendant or magistrates to decide whether to be dealt with in the magistrates' court or by jury in the crown Court (the latter usually because they believe they have a better chance of acquittal). The appeal process starts at the Crown Courts, hearing appeals from magistrates' courts, and may proceed to the Court of Appeal, the High the Court and the House of Lords.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

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Санкт-петербургский институт (филиал) федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «всероссийский государственный университет юстиции (рпа минюста россии)»

САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ (ФИЛИАЛ) ВГУЮ (РПА МИНЮСТА РОССИИ)

Кафедра: Гуманитарных и социально-экономических дисциплин

Дисциплина Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции

(наименование учебной дисциплины)

Билет для экзамена № 11

1. DNA evidence.

2. Read, translate and be ready to answer the questions.

We all know that people can do influence each other. But the disturbing question is how far people’s minds can be influenced against their own wills. There are three techniques that have been used in attempts to control other people’s behavior. One technique, subliminal perception, is referred to as subception. This technique is based on the observation that people notice a great more than they consciously realize. This Is not a new observation, but it has been given special attention since the results of an experiment in a New York movie theater were reports. In the experiment, an advertisement for ice cream was flashed onto the screen during the feature film. The ad was shown for such a brief period that no one consciously saw the instruction, yet ice-cream sales soared for the period of time the experiment continued. Hypnosis is another technique that can be used for controlling people’s minds. While in a deep trance, people can be told something at a specific time or at a certain signal. They can be told that they won’t remember what has been said once out of trance. This is called a post-hypnotic suggestion. It is still uncertain whether a subject can be made to carry out an action  that otherwise would be unacceptable in that person’s mind.

Yet another technique is called brainwashing. Brain washing entails forcing people to believe something, usually something false, by continually telling them evidence that is supposedly true and preventing them from thinking about it properly or considering other evidence. Brainwashing can take extreme forms. For example, brainwashing can be done by first causing a complete breakdown of individuals through acts such a starving them, preventing them from sleeping, intimidating them and keeping them in a state of constant fear. When the individuals lose their sense of reality, new ideas can be planed in their minds.

Зав. кафедрой кандидат исторических наук, доцент

Сексте Я.А.

(подпись)