- •ВВЕДЕНИЕ
- •PART I
- •Unit 1
- •Text A. About Myself
- •Text B. What is Economics?
- •Grammar
- •Unit 2.
- •Text A. My Friend Tatiana
- •Text В. Definitions of Economics
- •Grammar
- •Unit 3.
- •Text A. My Family
- •Text B. Three Types of Economists
- •Unit 4.
- •Text A. My University
- •Text B. Economics at the University of Cambridge
- •Grammar
- •Unit 5.
- •Text A. The Russian Federation
- •Text В. Economy of Russia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 6.
- •Text A. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
- •Text B. Economy of the United Kingdom
- •Unit 7.
- •Text A. American Values
- •Text B. American Economy
- •Grammar
- •Unit 8.
- •Text A. Australia
- •Text В. Economy of Australia
- •Grammar
- •Unit 9.
- •Text A. What Jobs Do Economics Graduates Get in the United States?
- •Text B. Looking for a Job
- •Grammar
- •PART II
- •Unit 1. ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Modern Economic Thought
- •Text B. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics
- •Unit 2. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS
- •Text A. Capitalism
- •Text B. Planned Economies
- •Unit 3. FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF ECONOMICS
- •Text A. Law of Demand
- •Text B. Law of Supply
- •Unit 4. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS
- •Text A. Inflation
- •Text В. Unemployment in the USA
- •Unit 5. MARKET
- •Text A. Competition
- •Text В. Natural Monopoly
- •Unit 6. MACROECONOMIC PARAMETERS
- •Text A. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
- •Text В. Business Cycles
- •Unit 7. MANAGEMENT
- •Text A. Management
- •Text B. Key Traits of Successful Leaders
- •Unit 8. MARKETING
- •Text A. Marketing
- •Text B. Brand Names
- •Unit 9. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY
- •Text A. The World Bank
- •Text B. The International Monetary Fund
- •PART III
- •Lives of Great Economists
- •Biography of Adam Smith (1723 — 1790)
- •Biography of David Ricardo (1772 — 1823)
- •Biography of J. S. Mill (1806 — 1873)
- •Biography of Karl Marx (1818 — 1883)
- •Biography of Thornstein Veblen (1857 — 1929)
- •Biography of Alfred Marshall (1842 — 1924)
- •Biography of Carl Menger (1840 — 1921)
- •Biography of John Maynard Keynes (1883 — 1946)
- •Autobiography of Ragnar Frisch (1895 — 1973)
- •How I Became an Economist by Paul A. Samuelson
- •Autobiography of Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich (1912 — 1986)
- •Biography of Milton Friedman (1912 — ...)
- •Autobiography of George J. Stigler
- •Autobiography of John F. Nash, Jr. (1928 — ...)
- •Works of Great Economists
- •An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
- •Principles of Economics
- •General Theory of Employment, Interest and Mone
3. Мы живем в собственном доме. У каждого есть своя собственная комната. У нас всегда много гостей. Моя бабушка много готовит. Я всегда мою посуду. Мне это, не очень нравится.
Exercise 24. Tell the group about your family. Use the active vocabulary of the lesson.
Text B. Three Types of Economists
There are three general categories of economists: business economists, government economists and academic economists. Each type of economist applies the economic approach to decision making in a different setting.
Business economists work in manufacturing, mining, transportation, communications, banking, insurance, retailing, investment, and other types of organizations. They also work in trade associations and consulting organizations.
Government economists are hired by federal, state and local governments. They serve in a wide variety of positions involving analysis and policy making.
A bachelor's degree in economics is a good qualification for an entry position. Higher positions are open when you obtain a graduate degree. There are jobs for labour, international, development, and population economists, as well as microand macroeconomists.
In order to teach at a college level an economist has to have a Ph.D. in economics. Faculty members usually teach, conduct research and have administrative responsibilities. Many academic economists also consult businesses or government.
Non-profit sector needs the expertise of professional economists. Economists working for such groups are expected to analyze issues and to write about them in a simple way which can be understood both by the average citizen and by elected lawmakers and government bureaucrats responsible for making and implementing policy.
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VOCABULARY
to apply the economic approach |
— использовать экономический под |
setting |
ход |
— ситуация, обстановка |
|
manufacturing |
— производство |
mining |
— горнодобывающая промышлен |
insurance |
ность |
— страховое дело |
|
retailing |
— розничная торговля |
trade associations |
— торговые ассоциации |
to be hired by |
— быть нанятым кем-то |
policy making |
— законотворчество |
bachelor's degree |
— степень бакалавра |
entry position |
— стартовая позиция |
graduate degree |
— степень магистра или доктора |
population |
наук |
— население |
|
conduct research |
— проводить исследования |
non-profit sector |
— некоммерческий сектор |
expertise |
— опыт, знание дела |
analyze |
— анализировать |
average citizen |
— зд. среднестатистический гражда |
elected lawmaker |
нин |
— избранный законодатель |
|
to implement a policy |
— проводить политику в жизнь |
Questions to the Text
1.What types of economists are there?
2.What is common for different types of economists?
3.Where do business economists work?
4.Who hires government economists?
5.What is the qualification for an entry position in federal, state and local governments?
6.What do you need to teach economics at a college level?
7.What do faculty members do?
8.What do economists in non-profit sector do?
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Exercise 25.Translate into Russian.
1. Business economists apply the economic approach when they make decisions. 2. Business economists work in banking, insurance, retailing and investment. 3. Government economists are hired by federal, state or local governments. 4. Higher positions for government economists are available only for individuals with a graduate degree. 5. Local, state and federal governments hire labour, development and population economists. 6. You need a Ph.D. degree to teach economics at a college level. 7. Economists working in non-profit sector are expected to analyze policies and write simple Texts.
Exercise 26. Translate into English.
1. Экономисты работают в трех секторах — коммерческом (бизнесе), правительственном и секторе высшего образования. 2. Бизнесэкономисты работают в различных сферах, но чаще всего на производстве, транспорте, в сфере коммуникаций, страховом деле и розничной торговле. 3. Бизнес-экономисты работают также консультантами и в профессиональных организациях. 4. Все экономисты применяют один и тот же подход, но в разных ситуациях. 5. Степень бакалавра экономики является необходимым требованием при приеме на государственную службу. 6. В государственной сфере существуют должности для экономистов труда, демографов, а также специалистов по микро- и макроэкономике. 7. Для того чтобы преподавать экономику в колледже, вам необходимо иметь ученую степень Ph.D. 8. Экономисты, работающие в некоммерческом секторе, должны уметь писать аналитические материалы языком, доступным простым гражданам.
Exercise 27. Discuss in groups what jobs are:
1.more prestigious;
2.more well-paid;
3.more diffucult;
4.require more responsibility;
5.require graduate degree;
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6.require connections;
7.requre work experience;
8.reqiure excellent mathematical skill;
9.require working long hours;
10.require working full day.
Exercise 28. Write a short essay "What type of economist I want to be". Use words and phrases from Text B.
Grammar
Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий
Односложные (и некоторые двусложные) прилагательные и наречия образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления суффикса -еr, превосходную — путем прибавления суффикса -est.
Положительная степень |
Сравнительная степень |
Превосходная степень |
|
|
|
tall |
taller |
the tallest |
simple |
simpler |
the simplest |
|
|
|
Многосложные прилагательные и наречия, оканчивающиеся на -ly, образуют сравнительную степень путем прибавления слов more (less), превосходную — путем прибавления слов most (least).
Положительная степень |
Сравнительная степень |
Превосходная степень |
|
|
|
interesting |
more (less) interesting |
most (least) interesting |
easily |
more (less) easily |
most(least) easily |
|
|
|
Ряд прилагательных и наречий образуют степени сравнения от
разных основ.
Положительная степень |
Сравнительная степень |
Превосходная степень |
|
|
|
|
|
good (хороший) |
better (лучше) |
the best (самый лучший, |
|
лучше всего) |
|||
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
bad (плохой) |
worse |
the worst (самый плохой, |
|
(более плохой, хуже) |
худший) |
||
|
|||
|
|
|
|
little (маленький) |
less |
the least (самый маленький) |
|
(меньше, меньший) |
|||
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
many, much (много) |
тоrе (больше) |
the most (больше всего, |
|
самый большой) |
|||
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
far (далекий) |
farther (более далекий) |
the farthest (самый далекий) |
|
far (далеко) |
further (дальше) |
the furthest (дальше всего) |
|
|
|
|
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Существительное, определяемое прилагательным в превосходной степени, всегда имеет определенный артикль the.
В предложениях со степенями сравнения прилагательных и наречий используются следующие союзы и способы выражения сравнения:
as ... as |
такой же... как |
three times as long as |
в три раза длиннее, чем |
much better/worse |
намного лучше/хуже |
much more/less |
гораздо больше/меньше |
the ...the |
чем... тем |
Grammar Task A. Form comparative (сравнительную) and superlative (превосходную) degree of the following adjectives (прилагательных) and adverbs (наречий).
1.Nice, fat, small, light, late, bad, little, much, easy, dirty, cold, hard, hot, old, clever, large, many, big, poor, ugly, strong, happy, clean, sad, dark, early, fast, angry, simple, tall, short.
2.Slowly, beautiful, sadly, nicely, wonderful, happily, serious, clearly, perfectly, terrible, fantastic, interesting, often, elegant, comfortable, important, expensive, difficult.
Grammar Task B. Open the brackets (раскройте скобки).
1. February is (short) month of the year. 2. Even (long) day has an end. 3. She is (tall) than her brother. 4. These flowers aren't very nice. The blue ones are (bright) and look (good). 5. Health is (good) than wealth. 6. France is (larger) than England. 7. Russia is (large) country in the world. 8. Do you have a (sharp) knife? 9. This is (nice) present I have ever got. 10. This is (beautiful) picture in my collection. 11. Australia is one of the (little) populated countries in the world. 12. Mars is (close) planet in our solar system. Venus is (hot) one.
Grammar Task C. Translate into Russian.
1 Julia's idea wasn't very good. My idea was better. 2. I'm not very interested in literature. I'm more interested in sports. 3. I do not work very hard. You work harder than I do. 4. You do not read much. My father reads
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more than you do. 5. I can not run very fast. My brother runs faster than I do. 6. She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen. 7. This is the most interesting film I have ever watched. 8. He is the best driver I have ever seen. 9. The longer the day, the shorter the night.
Grammar Task D. Answer the following questions.
1.Which month is colder, March or July?
2.Which month is shorter, February or March?
3.Which country is smaller, England or Russia?
4.Which fruit is more expensive, an apple or a mango.
5.Which subject is more difficult, Physical Education or
English?
Grammar Task E. Translate into English.
1. Английский язык легче, чем французский. 2. Эта сумка больше, чем та. 3. Это самая большая сумка в доме. 4. Это не так трудно, как ты думаешь. 5. Твоя сестра самая красивая девушка, из всех которых я встречал в жизни. 6. Я работаю вечером лучше, чем утром. 7. Чем скорее ты начнешь работать, тем быстрее закончишь. 8. Я печатаю медленнее, чем Дмитрий. 9. Пожалуйста, будь серьезнее. 10. Он такой же умный, как его сестра. 11. Этот тест в два раза труднее, чем предыдущий.
Оборот there is /there are
Оборот there is/there are служит для выражения наличия или отсутствия какого-либо предмета в определенном месте или в определенное время.
Формы прошедшего и будущего времени: there was, there were
и there will be.
Например:
There are some pictures on the wall. |
На стене несколько картин. |
There was nobody in the room. |
В комнате никого не было. |
Выбор формы глагола to be зависит от числа существительного, следующего сразу за ним.
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Например:
There is a chair and two armchairs in the room.
There are two armchairs and a chair in the room.
Вопросительные предложения с оборотом there is /there are строятся следующим образом.
Общий вопрос: Is there anything in the bag? Witt there be lessons tomorrow?
Специальный вопрос: What is there in the bag?
Разделительный вопрос: There are some pupils in the classroom, aren't there ?
Grammar Task F. Insert the verb to be in the proper form.
|
1. There ... many places that I would like to visit in the world. |
|
2. |
There |
... many museums with interesting exhibitions in Moscow. |
3. |
There |
... a lot information available on this topic. 4. There ... a lot of |
traffic in New York City. 5. There... very few parking places in large cit ies. 6. There ... a metro in Moscow.
Grammar Task G. Translate the sentences.
1. There is too much sugar in my tea. 2. There will be no lessons tomorrow. 3. There is only one way to solve this problem. 4. There are many ways to do this exercise. 5. There are many ways to improve your English. 6. There are not too many grammar rules in English. 7. There are not enough chairs for everybody. 8. There are many students in our group who speak two or more foreign languages. 9. There is a lot of work that needs to be done. 10. There will be much time for questions. 11. There were so many interesting programmes on TV yesterday.
Grammar Task H. Translate the sentences.
1. В нашей группе много студентов. 2. В нашем университете десять факультетов. На каждом факультете учится тысяча студентов.
3.На стене висит портрет известного писателя. На ней нет подписи.
4.В нашей квартире стоят новые стулья. На них лежит много книг и
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